• Potato (Solanum tuberosum) calcium-dependent protein kinase (StCDPK5) has been shown to phosphorylate the N-terminal region of plasma membrane RBOH (respiratory burst oxidase homolog) proteins, and participate in StRBOHB-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. The constitutively active form, StCDPK5VK, provides a useful tool for gain-of-function analysis of RBOH in defense responses. • ...

The rapid and effective activation of disease resistance responses is essential for plant defense against pathogen attack. These responses are initiated when pathogen-derived molecules (elicitors) are recognized by the host. We have developed a strategy for creating novel disease resistance traits whereby transgenic plants respond to infection by a virulent pathogen with the production of an el...

A recently published article describing the draft genome of Erwiniamallotivora BT-Mardi (1), the causal pathogen of papaya dieback infection in Peninsular Malaysia, hassignificant potential to overcome and reduce the effect of this vulnerable crop (2). The authors found that the draft genome sequenceis approximately 4824 kbp and the G+C content of the genomewas 52-54%, which is very similarto t...

Fructose-bisphophate aldolase (FbaB), is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in living organisms. The mutagenesis in a unique fbaB gene of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak, led the pathogen not only unable to use pyruvate and malate for growth and delayed its growth when fructose was used as the sole carbon source, but also reduced extrace...

IFN-γ orchestrates cell-autonomous host defense against various intracellular vacuolar pathogens. IFN-γ-inducible GTPases, such as p47 immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), are recruited to pathogen-containing vacuoles, which is important for disruption of the vacuoles, culminating in the cell-autonomous clearance. Although the positive regulation for the pr...

background: clindamycin inducible resistant staphylococcus aureus (s.aureus) isolates can cause failure in treatment with this antibiotic. biofilm production via polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (pia) contributes in the colonization of s. aureus, resulting in the initiation of different diseases. the aim of this study was to detect icaadbc genes among isolates of s.aureus with inducible re...

objective(s): nitric oxide (no), a product of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), contributes in germ cell apoptosis. this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of aloe vera gel (avg) on male wistar rat reproductive organ, serum no level, and expression of inos gene in leydig cells. materials and methods:adult male wistar rats (n=36) were used for experiments in three groups. the experime...

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Abstract In the context of chronic viral infections and cancer, protective potential CD8 T lymphocytes is often dramatically blunted characterized by a functionally exhausted cell state. exhaustion contributes to pathogen persistence can limit responsiveness promising immunotherapy strategies. Therefore, defining signals controlling development maintenance an state has critical implications for...

We investigated the fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana using a mutational and transformational genetic approach. Genetic lines were designed to differ in the genes determining resistance signaling in a common genetic background. Two mutant lines (cpr1 and cpr5) constitutively activate SAR at different points in SAR signaling, and one mutant line (npr1...