INTRODUCTION Cognitive informatics (CI) is an emerging discipline that studies the natural intelligence and internal information processing mechanisms of the brain, as well as the processes involved in perception and cognition (Chan, Kinsner, Wang, & Miller, 2004; Kinsner, Zhang, Wang, & Tsai, 2005; Patel, Patel, & Wang, 2003; Wang, 2002a, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007; Wang & Wang, 2006; Wang, Johnst...