Face à des crises mondiales et problématiques complexes, les administrations publiques ont dû s’adapter réalités accélérer améliorer leur action réglementaire s’employer mobiliser autres parties prenantes autour de cette action. En effet, pour la conception qualité textes, il est important permettre aux entreprises, particuliers population jouer un rôle dans formulation, réforme remise en cause.

This note describes some cryptographic issues related to multi‐located parties. In general, multi‐located parties make it difficult for the eavesdropper to mount the man‐in‐the‐ middle attack. Conversely, they make it easier to address problems such as joint encryption and error correction coding. It is easier to implement the three‐stage quantum cryptography protocol.

This chapter gives a flavour of recent theoretical work on coalition formation and political parties. I survey recent work on both pre-election coalition formation and post election coalition (or government) formation. A number of alternative rationales for the formation of parties are compared with the help of some illustrative examples. JEL Classification:C71, C72, C78, D71, D72, D78