The need to understand what might constitute best practice in participatory methods for resource management is becoming ever more important as the requirement for a high level of participation becomes prescribed in the environmental directives of the EU and elsewhere. Since there are numerous potential stakeholders who may participate, various different goals of participation and many potential...

The use of participatory design is often advocated when developing new solutions for economically or socially marginalised people in developing countries (see for example Arce, 2004; Sharma et al., 2008). It is argued that through including users in the design process designers can understand their needs better (Arce, 2004). Yet, few studies address the real-life challenges of doing participato...

Participatory Design (PD) offers a democratic approach to design by creating a platform for active end-user participation in the design process. Since its emergence, the field of PD has been shaped by the Scandinavian context, in which many early PD projects took place. In this paper we discuss the challenges that arise from employing participatory methods in a different socio-cultural setting ...

Over the last decade, a growing body of research has explored potential applying design approaches within policymaking, resulting in emergence novel practice, termed ‘design for policy’. While largely successful, questions remain regarding specifics policy process. In this, key points contention relate to way government-citizen deliberation and collaboration is framed (i.e., who gets participat...

in order to investigate the effects of  management models on the diversity of wooden species, forests of third series of shiler, the first division mehrbanrud watershed and third and fourth series of eight division of behshahr – neka townships were studied with participatory and governmental management respectively. the diversity of the wooden species have been evaluated by diversity parametric...

experience of double revolutionary upheavals in russia during the 20th century which produced a new socio-economic regularity on one hand and changed the political system from monarchial to democratic republic and then soviet state and finally presidential republic at the end of 20th century on the other hand are treated as democratic movements. in this regard, crumbling of ex-soviet regime and...

This article explains why democracy and the important process of democratisation include but go beyond the ambit of the state and state laws, and how democracy and democratisation are both negotiated, contested, engaged with and made up by diverse state and non-state actors within plural legal orders and across multiple sites and transnational networks. This article aims to re-imagine the conce...