Background Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the proportion of people suffering from parkinsonism and Parkinson disease is expected to increase as populations age. Few studies investigated the incidence of parkinsonism and Parkinson disease in the general population, and most of these were based on clinical data only. Objective To estimate the incidence o...

BACKGROUND parkin mutations are a common cause of parkinsonism. Possessing two parkin mutations leads to early-onset parkinsonism, while having one mutation may predispose to late-onset disease. This dosage pattern suggests that some parkin families should exhibit intergenerational variation in age at onset resembling anticipation. A subset of familial PD exhibits anticipation, the cause of whi...

OBJECTIVES to study the diagnostic accuracy for parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in a community-based sample of subjects on anti-parkinsonian medication. METHODS computerized prescribing records in general practice were used to create a community-based disease register for Parkinson's disease. Subjects were examined to establish the likely diagnosis using recommended clinical diagnostic c...

OBJECTIVE Motor symptoms such as mild parkinsonian signs are common in older persons, but little is known about their underlying neuropathology. We tested the hypothesis that nigral pathology is related to parkinsonism in older persons without Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS More than 2,500 persons participating in the Religious Orders Study or the Memory and Aging Project agreed to annual as...

BACKGROUND Drug-Induced Parkinsonism (DIP) represents the second leading cause of Parkinsonism (PK) in several countries. Flunarizine and cinnarizine are some of the most common drugs that cause DIP. This paper reviews the first description of Flunarizine and Cinnarizine-Induced Parkinsonism (FCIP), as well as the subsequent literature, emphasizing epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspec...

RATIONALE Parkinsonism can be secondary to many internal diseases, in some certain conditions, it seems that the clinical manifestations of parkinsonism presenting reversible. We report a case of patient with parkinsonism secondary to pseudohypoparathyroidism, who improved markedly after the supplement of serum calcium. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES A 52-year-old woman with acute parkinsonis...

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal, but elevated cellular levels are toxic and may lead to the development of an irreversible parkinsonian-like syndrome that has no treatment. Mn-induced parkinsonism generally occurs as a result of exposure to elevated Mn levels in occupational or environmental settings. Additionally, patients with compromised liver function attributable to diseases, such as ...

Over the last 75 years there has been continuous debate about the existence of vascular parkinsonism (VP). The condition has been named and renamed several times, with terms such as arteriosclerotic parkinsonism, arteriosclerotic pseudo-parkinsonism and lower-body parkinsonism. Despite the progress in our understanding of other parkinsonian syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy and ...

OBJECTIVE To compare olfactory function in vascular parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease diagnosed according to published clinical diagnostic criteria. METHODS The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) was carried out in 14 patients with vascular parkinsonism, 18 with Parkinson's disease, and 27 normal controls matched for age, sex, and smoking status. RESULTS UPSIT s...