background: aspartate transaminase (ast) is an important enzyme in parasite and liver tissue. the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate triclabendazole (tcbz) effect on ast activity of fasciola gigantica parasite. to compare of enzyme level of parasite and its host tissue, enzyme activity of f. gigantica parasite and liver tissues were also determined. method: the livers were collected f...

Climate change is predicted to cause shifts in parasite distributions, leading encounters with new hosts. Mountains offer a natural experimental background study how distributions vary across climatic gradients. Parasite abundance generally assumed decrease ascending elevation, as colder climates may preclude several parasites complete their life cycles. The present analyses the elevational var...

Host–parasite dynamics often vary over time, brought about by changes in the parasite’s virulence or host’s ability to resist tolerate parasite. Although evolution microparasites is well studied, we know little temporal change pathogenicity of macroparasites such as blood-feeding insects. Using data collected 35 yr, report a reduction hematophagous swallow bug (Cimex vicarius) on its Cliff Swal...