OBJECTIVE To examine the surgical-pathological predictors of para-aortic lymph node (PAN) metastasis at radical hysterectomy, and for PAN recurrence among women who did not undergo PAN dissection at radical hysterectomy. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of a nation-wide cohort study of surgically-treated stage IB-IIB cervical cancer (n=5,620). Multivariate models were used to identify...

...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION................................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ....................

inflammatory bowel diseases are one of the important reasons of the referral to gi practitioners in our country and ulcerative colitis is the more frequent type of these disease in iran. in this study 200 cases of ulcerative colitis, which has been referred to imam khomeini hospital during that last 5 year, were studied. data was collected using the patient's records and face to face inter...

this paper deals with the philosophical aspects of nationalism and pan-islamism in view of dr. muhammad iqbal, a great poet and philosopher of sub-continent. the paper examines in an analytical way, how iqbal’s concept of nationalism is different from western brand of nationalism and coincided with jamal-u-din afghani’s ideal of pan-islamism. the paper discusses how iqbal reconciled his ideal w...

establishing satisfactory estimation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial vital for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. determining the accurate method to estimate evaporation from reservoirs in the investigation and management of water resources is very important. hence, in this study eight empirical methods such as; makkink, debruin-kejiman, penman, priestley-ta...

Cross-species comparison of great ape gesturing has so far been limited to the physical form of gestures in the repertoire, without questioning whether gestures share the same meanings. Researchers have recently catalogued the meanings of chimpanzee gestures, but little is known about the gesture meanings of our other closest living relative, the bonobo. The bonobo gestural repertoire overlaps ...

While bonobos and chimpanzees are both genetically and behaviorally very similar, they also differ in significant ways. Bonobos are more cautious and socially tolerant while chimpanzees are more dependent on extractive foraging, which requires tools. The similarities suggest the two species should be cognitively similar while the behavioral differences predict where the two species should diffe...

Humans are believed to have evolved a unique motivation to participate in joint activities that first develops during infancy and supports the development of shared intentionality. We conducted five experiments with bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) (Total n = 119) to assess their motivation to spontaneously participate in joint activities with a conspecific or a human. W...

Comparisons between chimpanzees and humans have led to the hypothesis that only humans voluntarily share their own food with others. However, it is hard to draw conclusions because the food-sharing preferences of our more tolerant relative, the bonobo (Pan paniscus), have never been studied experimentally. We gave unrelated bonobos the choice of either monopolizing food or actively sharing: we ...