J. O. Turner was the first who described the developmental defect of permanent tooth caused by periapical inflammation of temporary predecessor. This disorder is most common in the upper front teeth and premolars. These disorders are collectively called developmental defects of enamel (DDE). They are visible deviations from the normal translucent enamel resulting from enamel organ dysfunction. ...

From the beginning of the 16th century onwards, public anatomy demonstrations developed and spread acrossEurope. In 1555,King Philip II granted the AmsterdamGuild of Surgeons the privilege to dissect bodies of executed criminals to teach anatomy. Dissections were held once a year in the winter season as the corpses could be preserved at low temperatures. An anatomical theatre of the 17th centur...

Dental enamel is the only mineralized tissue of epithelial origin in mammals. The exceptional structural complexity and physical properties of tooth enamel seem to be dependent upon the properties of the protein matrix precursor. Proteins involved in enamel biosynthesis guide hydroxyapatite mineral formation, making the tooth enamel the hardest tissue in the vertebrate body. In dentistry, due t...

A three-dimensional reconstruction of the rod profiles seen in inner and outer rat incisor enamel was made from serial 1 μ cross sections of a decalcified upper incisor. The enamel rod was found to be an elongated structure which travelled incisally relative to its origin and ran continuously from the dentino-enamel junction to the enamel surface. The rod was divisible into an inner and outer e...

A set of algorithms is proposed in this paper to automatically transform 3D animal models to Chinese painting style. Inspired by real painting process in Chinese painting of animals, we divide the whole rendering process into two parts: borderline stroke making and interior shading. In borderline stroke making process we first find 3D model silhouettes in real-time depending on the viewing dire...

Amelogenin, enamelin, sheathlin (ameloblastin/ amelin), enamelysin (MMP-20), and KLK4 (EMSP-1) are the major structural proteins and proteinases in developing tooth enamel. Recently, odontoblasts were reported to express amelogenin, the most abundant enamel protein. In this study, we hypothesized that odontoblasts express all enamel proteins and proteases, and we measured their relative mRNA le...

Dental enamel is prone to damage by chipping with large hard objects at forces that depend on chip size and enamel toughness. Experiments on modern human teeth have suggested that some ante-mortem chips on fossil hominin enamel were produced by bite forces near physiological maxima. Here, we show that equivalent chips in sea otter enamel require even higher forces than human enamel. Increased f...

OBJECTIVES To compare the wear and opposing enamel wear of adjusted (A); adjusted and polished (AP); and adjusted and glazed (AG) zirconia and lithium disilicate. METHODS Specimens (n=8) were prepared of lithium disilicate (A, AP, and AG), zirconia (A, AP, and AG), veneering porcelain, and enamel (control). Surface roughness was measured for each ceramic. In vitro wear was conducted in the UA...

To test quantitatively whether there are systematic chromosome-chromosome associations within human interphase nuclei, interchanges between all possible heterologous pairs of chromosomes were measured with 24-color whole-chromosome painting (multiplex FISH), after damage to interphase lymphocytes by sparsely ionizing radiation in vitro. An excess of interchanges for a specific chromosome pair w...