In order to adapt LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, 0.1 ml from LaSota vaccine produced in Razi vaccine and serum research institute inoculated to the CEF cells and was passaged five times in the CEF grown in Eagle’s minimum essential medium (MEM). First to third passages were blind but in fourth passage cytopathic effect of virus was observe...

Application-level multicast on structured overlays often suffer several drawbacks: 1) The regularity of the architecture makes it difficult to adapt to topology changes; 2) the uniformity of the protocol generally does not consider node heterogeneity. It would be ideal to combine the scalability of these overlays with the flexibility of an unstructured topology. In this paper, we propose a loca...

Anonymous Routing in Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays

The Internet is one of the most successful technologies in last century. Within less than four decades (starting from the first packet-switched computer network, ARPAnet), it has evolved into an extremely popular commercial infrastructure, and has a significant impact on almost all aspects of our lives and our society. With the dramatic advances in multimedia technologies and the increasing pop...

Byzantine faults in a peer-to-peer (P2P) system are resulted from adversarial and inconsistent peer behaviors. Malicious peers can disrupt the routing functions in peer joining and lookup services. Byzantine attackers may collude with each other to paralyze the entire P2P network operations. We discover a new class of DHT-based overlay networks, called inverse de Bruijn (IDB) graph, to enable m...

Several challenges come to fore while realizing collaborations among independent administrative domains in a distributed setup. Interoperability of access control models, deployed in respective collaborating domains, is one such challenge. Collaborating domains may have heterogeneous types of access control models that need to be interoperable in order to accommodate each other’s collaborating ...