high temperature, high radiance, low vapor pressure, and lack of precipitation in most months characterize arid ecosystems. under these conditions, tree crops such as pistachio suffer from drought combined with salinity stress. in order to investigation effects of combined salinity and drought stress on function of photosynthetic apparatus, mutica pistachio (pistacia mutica) seedlings were subj...

The transport of water from concentrated to dilute solutions which occurs in the kidney and in a variety of living cells presents a problem of fundamental importance. If the cell acts as an osmometer we may expect to bring about such transport by creating an inwardly directed osmotic drive which is higher in one part of the cell than in other regions of the same cell. The osmotic drive is defin...

We investigate the osmotic equilibrium between a bulk polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution and DNA tightly packed in a spherical capsid. We base our analysis on the equations of thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of osmotic pressure. The equality between external osmotic pressure of PEG and osmotic pressure of tightly packed DNA gives us the DNA encapsidation curves. In this way we directly conne...

1. It is shown that when part of the gelatin in a solution of gelatin chloride is replaced by particles of powdered gelatin (without change of pH) the membrane potential of the solution is influenced comparatively little. 2. A measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of the gelatin chloride solution and the outside aqueous solution with which the gelatin solution is in osmotic equilibrium,...

Stable protoplasts may be released from MiCrococcua Zysodeikticus and Sarcina Zutea by digestion of the cell-wall with lysozyme in sucrose or NaCl solutions having an osmotic pressure of some 25 atmospheres, but not in glycerol solutions of the same osmotic pressure. The stability of the protoplasts depends not only upon the depression of the water activity by the solute but upon an osmotic pre...

We evaluated the individual and combined effects of salinity and alkalinity on gill Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity, plasma ion concentration, and osmotic pressure in Luciobarbus capito. Increasing salinity concentrations (5, 8, 11, and 14 g/L) were associated with an initial increase and then decrease in L. capito gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Activity was affected by the difference between inter...

The osmotic pressure of chondroitin sulfate (CS) solution in contact with an aqueous 1:1 salt reservoir of fixed ionic strength is studied using a recently developed coarse-grained molecular model. The effects of sulfation type (4- vs. 6-sulfation), sulfation pattern (statistical distribution of sulfate groups along a chain), ionic strength, CS intrinsic stiffness, and steric interactions on CS...

We reported previously that, when exposed to high osmotic pressure, Lactobacillus acidophilus IFO 3532 cells accumulated N,N,N-trimethylglycine (glycine betaine), which serves as a compatible intracellular solute. When grown in medium with high osmotic pressure, these cells also accumulated one amino acid, proline. The uptake of [3H]proline by resting, glucose-energized cells was stimulated by ...

Among protoplasts released from cells of Bacillus megaterium grown at 20, 30, or 37 C, osmotic swelling in NaCl solution at a given external osmotic pressure was greatest for protoplasts from cells grown at 20 C and least for protoplasts from cells grown at 37 C. Protoplasts from cells grown at lower temperaturs were also less stable to osmotic shock and lysed at higher external osmotic pressur...

      Hard gelatin capsule filled with acetaminophen, osmotic agent (sorbitol), a release promoter (sodium dodecyl sulfate), coated with a semipermeable cellulose acetate membrane containing a hydrophobic plasticizer (castor oil) and sealed with white bees wax plug was designed. When placed in the sink water penetrates the membrane, dissolves the osmotic agent and increases the osmotic pressure...