A finite switchboard state machine is a specialized finite state machine. It is built by binding the concepts of switching state machines and commutative state machines. The main purpose of this paper is to give a specific algorithm for fuzzy finite switchboard state machine and also, investigates the concepts of switching relation, covering, restricted cascade products and wreath products of f...

Purpose Dose calculation of kilovoltage x rays used in Image-Guided Radiotherapy has been investigated recent years using various methods. Among these methods are model-based ones that suffer from inaccuracies high-density materials and at interfaces when the energy range. The main reason for this is use water deposition kernels simplifications employed such as density scaling heterogeneous med...

introduction superficial x-ray therapy is one of the most important treatment methods in radiotherapy especially in the treatment of superficial skin lesions (up to 300 kvp). quality of the x-ray beam that can be expressed by half-value layer (hvl), are important indices for this type of treatment effective energy of photon and homogeneity coefficient (hc). materials and methods the hc of the s...

we describe under various conditions abelian subgroups of the automorphism‎ ‎group $mathrm{aut}(t_{n})$ of the regular $n$-ary tree $t_{n}$‎, ‎which are‎ ‎normalized by the $n$-ary adding machine $tau =(e‎, ‎dots‎, ‎e,tau )sigma _{tau‎ ‎}$ where $sigma _{tau }$ is the $n$-cycle $left( 0,1‎, ‎dots‎, ‎n-1right) $‎. ‎as‎ ‎an application‎, ‎for $n=p$ a prime number‎, ‎and for $n=4$‎, ‎we prove that...

in order to implement the cellular manufacturing system in practice, some essential factors should be taken into account. in this paper, a new mathematical model for cellular manufacturing system considering different production factors including alternative process routings and machine reliability with stochastic arrival and service times in a dynamic environment is proposed. also because of t...

Environmental releases of tritium oxide at a number of Department of Energy nuclear weapons facilities contribute to a significant portion of environmental dose. Several conversion factors are utilized in the estimation of human impact from these releases, e.g., dispersion coefficients, consumption rates, uptake factors, transport factors, dose conversion factors, and risk coefficients. A proba...

Between 1955 and 1972, eight children receiving mediastinal irradiation for intrathoracic malignancy developed constrictive pericarditis. Six of these followed irradiation for Hodgkin's disease and represent 7% of 86 children receiving irradiation for that disease. In patients with Hodgkin's disease, the development of constrictive pericarditis was related to the dose of radiation and the use o...

Pre-clinical animal studies are used as a conventional means of translational research, as a midpoint between in-vitro cell studies and clinical implementation. However, modern small animal radiotherapy platforms are primitive in comparison with conventional linear accelerators. This work also investigates a series of 3D printed tools to expand the treatment capabilities of the X-RAD 225Cx orth...