BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The orexin system regulates a multitude of key physiological processes, particularly involving maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Consequently, there is considerable potential for pharmaceutical development for the treatment of disorders from narcolepsy to metabolic syndrome. It acts through the hormonal activity of two endogenous peptides, orexin A binding to orexin r...

Orexin-A (a neuropeptide in the hypothalamus) plays an important role in many physiological functions, including the regulation of glucose metabolism. We have previously found that the development of post-ischemic glucose intolerance is one of the triggers of ischemic neuronal damage, which is suppressed by hypothalamic orexin-A. Other reports have shown that the communication system between br...

Orexins/hypocretins are recently discovered neuropeptides synthetized mainly by neurons located in the posterolateral hypothalamus. Hypocretin-1 and -2 are the same peptides as orexin-A and orexin-B. Orexin A is a 33 amino acid peptide with N-terminal pyroglutamyl residue and two intrachain disulphide bonds. Orexin B is a linear peptide of 28 amino acids. These two peptides are potent agonists ...

Orexins, hypothalamic neuropeptides initially involved in the control of food intake and sleep-wake cycle, have recently emerged as pleiotropic regulators of different biological systems, including the reproductive axis. Besides central actions, peripheral expression and functions of orexins have been reported, and prepro-orexin and orexin type-1 receptor mRNAs have been detected in the testis....

Both orexin and serotonin (5-HT) have important roles in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness, as well as in feeding behavior. We examined the effects of 5-HT on orexin/hypocretin neurons, using hypothalamic slices prepared from orexin/enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice in which EGFP is expressed exclusively in orexin neurons. Patch-clamp recording from EGFP-expressing cel...

Orexins (orexin A and B) are initially known to be a hypothalamic peptide critical for feeding and normal wakefulness. In addition, emerging evidence from behavioral tests suggests that orexins are also involved in the regulation of nociceptive processing, suggesting a novel potential therapeutic approach for pain treatment. Both spinal and supraspinal mechanisms appear to contribute to the rol...

The orexins are produced in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area and implicated in the regulation of both feeding and reproductive function. Orexins stimulate LH secretion in steroid-primed ovariectomized female rats and suppress LH secretion in nonprimed ovariectomized rats. The aim of the present study was to characterize the neuroanatomical pathway by which orexin might modulate LH secre...

We have previously shown that hypercapnic chemoreflex in prepro-orexin knockout mice (ORX-KO) is attenuated during wake but not sleep periods. In that study, however, hypercapnic stimulation had been chronically applied for 6 h because of technical difficulty in changing the composition of the inspired gas mixture without distorting the animal's vigilance states. In the present study we examine...