BACKGROUND To determine the effect of opium smoking cessation on the frequency and type of microorganisms in the nasopharynx of opium smokers. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study performed in psychology and ENT department of Moradi Hospital of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2008 (Kerman, Iran). Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken from 50 opium smokers before and 2 to 3 months...

OBJECTIVES Smoking opium/cigarette is a global health concern. The aim of this study was to examine learning and memory of rat male offsprings whose mothers had been exposed to either opium or morphine with nicotine during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were used for the experiments. In the female rats, opium, morphine and nicotine dependencies were induced by daily injections o...

BACKGROUND Along with the established effects of opium on metabolic parameters, stimulatory or inhibitory effects of opium on metabolic syndrome are also predictable. This study aimed to examine the association of opium use with metabolic syndrome and its components. METHODS This study was conducted on 5332 out of 5900 original sample participants enrolled in a population-based cohort entitle...

INTRODUCTION Addiction imposes a large medical, social and economic burden on societies. Currently, there is no effective treatment for addiction. Our struggle to decipher the different mechanisms involved in addiction requires a proper understanding of the brain regions which promote this devastating behavior. Previous studies have shown a pivotal role for insula in cigarette smoking. In this ...

OBJECTIVES Serum adiponectin and leptin levels have been shown to be related to obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Opium addiction has a positive association with endocrine system disorders. The relationship between adipokines and opium addiction is unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine serum adiponectin and leptin levels in opium addicted subjects. ...

Opium arrests life, anesthetises. Well being comes from a kind of death. Without opium I am cold I catch cold I do not feel hungry. I am impatient to impose what I invent When I smoke I am warm, I do not know what colds are, I am hungry. My impatience disappears." "Opium lead s the organism towards death in euphoric mood. The tortures arise from the process of returning to life against one's wi...

OBJECTIVE The association between opium use and bladder cancer has been investigated in many studies, with varying reporting results reported. This study aims to estimate the total odds ratio for the association between bladder cancer and opium consumption using meta-analysis. METHODS The study was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent researchers searched for the relevant ...

BACKGROUND The main source of studies about effects of opium consumption on heart and brain attacks originates from Iran Therefore the aim of the present study was to assess opium addiction as a probable influencing factor for ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in two Cardiology and Neurology clinics in Eastern Iran in 201...

Background: Fertility is considered as a life conservative phenomenon among married couples which can be obliterated by various conditions affecting both males and females. In the other hand addiction is a problem which increasingly developed among the various populations throughout the world, and there are evidences that addiction may affect the hypothalamous-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual ...

opium-eaters brought to the jail to undergo sentence of imprisonment. The people of Sagor were worse off as regards opium taking than those of Narsingpur. My rule of practice was to stop opium completely at once. It is true that the prisoners complained of excruciating pain for a day or two, but this was, I think, more imaginary than real, or rather the sensation of a mind weakened and imbecile...