We have developed a multi-layer, microfluidic array platform containing concave microwells and flat cell culture chambers to culture embryonic stem (ES) cells and regulate uniform-sized embryoid body (EB) formation. The main advantage of this platform was that EBs cultured within the concave microwells of a bottom layer were automatically replated into flat cell culture chambers of a top layer,...

The majority of microorganisms from natural environments cannot be grown in the laboratory. The diffusion-chamber-based approach is an alternative method that allows microorganisms to grow in their natural environment. An inoculum is sandwiched between semipermeable (0.03-mum-pore-size) membranes of the chamber, which is then returned to the source environment. The chamber allows for a free exc...

1. The wetland sedge Scirpus olneyi Gray displays fast rates of CO 2 assimilation and responds positively to increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration. The present study was aimed at identifying the ecophysiological traits specific to S. olneyi that drive these CO 2 -assimilation patterns under ambient and elevated CO 2 conditions. 2. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 between S. olneyi co...

This manuscript continues previous work to address the issue of ozone exposure affecting leaf photosynthesis and conductance differentially and how this can be addressed through modifications to the Farquhar/Ball-Berry model. Specifically, the authors consider the implications of these effects when taken into account in a terrestrial ecosystem model. This issue is critical to understanding how ...

Seedlings from four families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were grown in capped open-top chambers and exposed to three different weekly moisture regimes for 13 weeks. Moisture regimes varied in intensity and frequency of simulated rainfall (irrigation) events; however, the total amounts were comparable. These simulated treatments were chosen to simulate expected changes in rainfall variabil...

This manuscript continues previous work to address the issue of ozone exposure affecting leaf photosynthesis and conductance differentially and how this can be addressed through modifications to the Farquhar/Ball-Berry model. Specifically, the authors consider the implications of these effects when taken into account in a terrestrial ecosystem model. This issue is critical to understanding how ...

Field open top chambers (OTCs) and soil mercury (Hg) enriched experiments were employed to study the influence of Hg concentrations in air and soil on the Hg accumulation in the organs of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results showed that Hg concentrations in foliages were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with air Hg concentrations but insignificantly correlated with s...

The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of C02 and N treatments on soil pC02, calculated CO2 efflux, root biomass and soil carbon in open-top chambers planted with Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Based upon the literature, it was hypothesized that both elevated CO2 and N would cause increased root biomass which would in turn cause increases in both total soil CO2 efflux and microbial re...

The effects of elevated CO2 and O3, singly and in combination were investigated on various physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of two locally grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (HUW-37 and K-9107) in open top chambers (OTCs). Elevated CO2 stimulated photosynthetic rate (Ps) and Fv/Fm ratio and reduced the stomatal conductance (gs). Reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidati...

SHEPPARD L.J. 1996. How reproducible are the reactions of stress indicators for Sitka spruce treated with acid mist? Phyton (Horn, Austria) 36 (3): (23) (30). Results of previously published experiments based on open-top chambers and field exposure systems with seedlings, mature grafts and physiologically mature trees (<13m tall) of Sitka spruce exposed to pH 2.5 mist are discussed briefly for ...