Lipset's 'Democracy in Private Government' was a remarkable publication for three reasons. It was his first attempt to challenge Michels' 'iron law of oligarchy' and would lead to a programme of research that that would culminate with the publication of the widely admired classic study Union Democracy. Second, the inspiration for this work came from Lipset's student days when he was a socialist...

The ancient Greek world was much troubled and influenced by politics. While other peoples settled to a single form of government, the Greeks were strungling between monarchy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny; and while other peoples were forming empires, the Greek cities usually preferred independence, in the form of a polis, a city-state, and other times preferred to (or were forced to) join s...

We address three questions regarding solar system planets. What determined their number? Why are their orbits nearly circular and coplanar? How long did they take to form? Runaway accretion in a disk of small bodies resulted in a tiny fraction of the bodies growing much larger than all the others. These big bodies dominated the viscous stirring of all bodies. Dynamical friction by small bodies ...

The paper explains the emergence of political parties in Gambia before and after independence how they fared during presidential parliamentary elections till an insurgency nearly toppled regime. It also examines causes different types coups, relates it to Gambian situation, thereafter a detailed eyewitness account followed. role played by invading Senegalese forces quelling uprising restoring l...

In the theory of judgment aggregation, it is known for which agendas of propositions it is possible to aggregate individual judgments into collective ones in accordance with the Arrow-inspired requirements of universal domain, collective rationality, unanimity preservation, non-dictatorship and propositionwise independence. But it is only partially known (e.g., only in the monotonic case) for w...

Funding: British Academy (GrantNumber(s): PF20\100094), H2020 European Research Council 683033).

Lord prof PhD Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev developed 2010 “Financially banking resource-based technological mafia-driven materialism” as a based principle materialismus since more than 17 century., “Theory and praxice of the Mafiotismus” 2001 mafia ”. The 2020 US elections have proven exactly how falsification scheme, fraud in organized by elite, oligarchy, kleptocracy United States works. This maf...