The front row of a rugby union scrum consists of three players. The loose head prop, hooker and tight head prop. The objective of this study was to determine if known biomechanical risk factors for triceps surae muscle injury are exhibited in the lower limb of front row players during contested scrummaging. Eleven high performance front row rugby union players were landmarked bilaterally at the...

objective hyperextension of the big toe is described here as a simple and reliable sign to predict undercorrection of cavus deformity of clubfoot in the ponseti method. materials & methods this retrospective study was conducted on children with clubfoot who were treated successfully by ponseti method in the king fahad hospital, saudi arabia, and emam reza hospital, mashad, iran, from 2003 throu...

Scalar implicature depends on the activation of alternatives. For instance, in English, finger implicates 'not thumb', suggesting that thumb is an activated alternative. Is this because it more specific (Quantity) and equally short (Manner)? Indeed, toe doesn't imply big toe', perhaps toe is longer. As L. Horn points out, Quantity/Manner explanation predicts if English had simplex Lati...

the aim of this study was to find any structural differences between the digital pads of forelimbs and hind limbs as well as more careful investigation of the internal and external structures of the toe-pad. in this study, pad morphology and cytology in litoria caerulea is described using sem, tem and light microscopy. at the gross anatomical level, toe-pads in hind limbs were subdivided into m...

In explosive movements involving the lower extremity elastic recoil and transportation of power from knee to ankle via m. gastrocnemius allow power output about the ankle to reach values over and above the maximum power output of the plantar flexors. The object of this study was to estimate the relative power and work contributions of these two mechanisms for the push-off phase in one-legged ju...

Time periods composing stance phase of gait can be clinically meaningful parameters to reveal differences between normal and pathological gait. This study aimed, first, to describe a novel method for detecting stance and inner-stance temporal events based on foot-worn inertial sensors; second, to extract and validate relevant metrics from those events; and third, to investigate their suitabilit...