While the mammalian eye is seldom considered an organ of drug metabolism, the capacity for biotransformation is present. Compared to the liver, the metabolic capabilities of the eye are minuscule; however, phase I and phase II metabolic activities have been detected in various ocular structures. The careful consideration of ocular tissue metabolic processes within the eye has important implicat...

Statement of Purpose: Targeted drug delivery into the eye is a challenging task because of a variety of barriers that prevent safe and effective delivery. Topical application to the eye is hindered by low residence time resulting in poor diffusion of drug into intraocular tissues. Intravitreal injection can deliver drugs to the retina effectively but is invasive and carries risk of infection. I...

Poor drug delivery to lesions in patients' eyes is a major obstacle to the treatment of ocular diseases. The accessibility of these areas to drugs is highly restricted by the presence of barriers, including the corneal barrier, aqueous barrier, and the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers. In particular, the posterior segment is difficult to reach for drugs because of its structural peculiari...

Many ocular inflammatory and proliferative diseases require long-term pharmacological intervention/treatment. However, delivery of drugs in therapeutic levels to the back of the eye is challenging using conventional topical application, due to the poor efficacy. Systemic injections of drugs pose severe adverse effects. Direct injection into the eye may need surgical intervention. In the recent ...

Ocular drug delivery is a very challenging area for ophthalmologists and scientists due to the structural barrier complexity of eye. Barriers such as different layers cornea, sclera, conjunctival blood flow, tear dilution limit efficacy anterior part eye in addition more barriers present posterior part. Due these, have designed studied various systems increase treatment Among conventional ocula...

Promising management of eye ailments take off effective concentration of drug at the eye for sufficient period of time. Ocular drug delivery is hampered by the barriers protecting the eye. The bioavailability of the active drug substance is often the major hurdle to overcome. Conventional ocular dosage form, including eye drops, are no longer sufficient to combat ocular diseases. This article r...

Ocular drug delivery is the most fascinating and challenging task faced by pharmaceutical researchers. One of the major barriers of ocular medication is to obtain and maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for prolonged periods of time. Major problems encountered by conventional ocular dosage forms include rapid pre-corneal drug loss due to naso-lacrimal drainage; tear turnover and ...

Along with viral vectors, non-viral strategies have been developed in order to efficiently deliver nucleic acids to ocular cells. During the last decade, we have observed that the outcome of these non-viral delivery systems depends on the genetic material used, the targeted tissue or cells, the expected effect duration, and the routes of administration. Assessment of efficiency has been evaluat...

With the recent advancement in the field of ocular therapy, drug delivery approaches have been elevated to a new concept in terms of nonionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs), that is, the ability to deliver the therapeutic agent to a patient in a staggered profile. However the major drawbacks of the conventional drug delivery system like lacking of permeability through ocular barrier and poor bioava...

The bibliometric data were extracted from the Scopus database to investigate conceptual framework of ocular nanoemulsion and/or in-situ gel drug delivery system using “ocular” AND “nanoemulsion” OR “in-situ gel” keywords. evaluated with RStudio and VOSviewer program. results reveal that publication trends tend increase continually. India is most impactful country, constructive institution Depar...