the imams of ahl al-bayt (‘a) have applied three methods in dealing with rulers as follows: taqiyyah (assimilation), armed struggle, and occultation. they have applied taqiyyah for keeping the unity among muslims and their followers. this does not mean that they have kept silent and did not care about muslims, rather they had active role in social life. an example of this active role is the ima...

A novel method of generating artificial scintillation noise is developed and used to evaluate occulta-tion rates and false positive rates for surveys probing the Kuiper Belt with the method of serendipitous stellar occultations. A thorough examination of survey design shows that: (1) diffraction-dominated occultations are critically (Nyquist) sampled at a rate of 2 Fsu −1 , corresponding to 40 ...

The properties of the atmosphere of Jupiter are reviewed in the light of observations carried out by the Voyager mission. Solar occultation measurements in the ultraviolet show that the temperature of the upper atmosphere is II00±200K, an apparent increase of about 30% from the value obtained by the Pioneer mission in 1973. Stellar occultation in the ultraviolet indicate that the temperature gr...

We present a method for obtaining atmospheric temperature, pressure, and number density profiles for small bodies through inversion of light curves recorded during stellar occultations. This method avoids the assumption that the atmospheric scale height is small compared with the radius of the body, and it includes the variation of gravitational acceleration with radius. First we derive the int...

However, many existing diagnostics for the tropical belt edge latitudes are subjective, with trends in the width of the tropical belt sensitive to the value of the parameters chosen. Further, it is unknown if widely-used reanalysis products reliably capture the seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the width of the tropical belt. Unfortunately, the dearth of wind observations in the tro...

We report on a total of 20 occultation events of 16 binary sources, observed in the near infrared in the course of routine lunar occultation programs at the TIRGO andCalar Alto observatories. The results consist in either discoveries of new binaries, or in re-observations of known or suspected binaries where only incomplete information was available. This paper is the third in a series of simil...

We have reanalyzed the Voyager radio occultation data for Titan, examining two alternative approaches to methane condensation. In one approach, methane condensation is facilitated by the presence of nitrogen because nitrogen lowers the condensation level of a methane/nitrogen mixture. The resulting enhancement in methane condensation lowers the upper limit on surface relative humidity of methan...