Escherichia coli serogroups O5, O15, O26, O45, O55, O76, O91, O103, O104, O111, O113, O118, O121, O123, O128, O145, O146, O157, O165, O172, and O177 are the O-antigen forms of the most clinically relevant Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes. In this study, three multiplex PCR assays able to specifically detect these 21 serogroups were developed and validated. For this purpose, the O-...

Typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains produce bundle-forming pili (BFP), type IVB fimbriae that have been implicated in EPEC virulence, antigenicity, autoaggregation, and localized adherence to epithelial cells (LA). BFP are polymers of bundlin, a pilin protein that is encoded by the bfpA gene found on a large EPEC plasmid. Striking sequence variation has previously been obse...

The plasmid-borne sfpA gene encodes the pilin subunit in sorbitol-fermenting (SF) enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H-. We investigated the distribution of sfpA among 600 E. coli isolates comprising the complete E. coli standard reference (ECOR) and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strain collections and clinical isolates associated with enteric disease. sfpA was detected in DEC3F SF EH...

Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) and harbor multiple genetic subtypes that do not all associate with human disease. STEC O157 evolved from an E. coli O55:H7 progenitor; however, a lack of genome sequence has hindered investigations on the divergence of human- and/or cattle-associated subtypes. Our goals were to 1) identify nucleotide polym...

Several studies abound that concentrated on oil production and the environment, exploration socio-economic conditions, contributions of crude consumption to growth Nigerian state, etc. But there are no recent investigating production- GDP nexus. Hence, main goal this study is explore contribution national from an oil-dependent economy Annual time series data its rate represented side nexus whil...

Over the past decade, a growing number of studies have examined role agricultural export in economic growth Africa. The literature, however, provides conflicting results about export-led hypothesis. In this study, we aim to re-examine impact on by performing meta-analysis. There are two questions interest, namely, (a) whether publication bias is present export-growth literature Africa, and (b) ...

Cet article analyse la contribution fiscale d’un grand nombre d’entreprises maliennes (3 474) qui représentent totalité du secteur formel de ce pays. En utilisant des données individuelles collectées à partir bilans et comptes résultat, nous estimons les déterminants taux d’imposition implicites tels que taille l’entreprise, sa loc...

This paper documents a significant impact of climate variation on urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily in arid countries. By lowering farm incomes, reduced moisture availability encourages migration to nearby cities, while wetter conditions slow it. The paper also provides evidence for ruralurban linkages. In countries where cities are starting to develop an industrial base, reduced mo...