Late Holocene climate in western North America was punctuated by periods of extended aridity called megadroughts. These droughts have been linked to cool eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Here, we show both short-term and long-term climate variability over the last 1,500 y from annual band thickness and stable isotope speleothem data. Several megadroughts are evident, in...

Bushehr Bay is situated along the northern Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf, between 28°52΄ and 29°5΄ north latitude and 50°42΄ and 50°52΄east longitude. In this study COHERENS, which is a threedimensional hydrodynamic model, was employed to simulate surface and under surface currents in the Bushehr Bay. The atmospheric forces and four main tidal constituents M2, S2, K1, O1 and also boundary ...

There are three described subspecies of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus): B. p. physalus Linnaeus, 1758 in the Northern Hemisphere, B. p. quoyi Fischer, 1829 in the Southern Hemisphere, and a recently described pygmy form, B. p. patachonica Burmeister, 1865. The discrete distribution in the North Pacific and North Atlantic raises the question of whether a single Northern Hemisphere subspecies...

[1] Warren’s [1983] ‘‘Why is no deep water formed in the North Pacific’’ is revisited. His box model of the northern North Pacific is used with updated estimates of oceanic volume transports and boundary freshwater fluxes derived from the most recent data sets, using diverse methods. Estimates of the reliability of the result and its sensitivity to error in the data are given, which show that t...

During northern warm seasons, the overhead sun moves northward across the equator to the Northern Hemisphere. Because of the decrease in the meridional thermal gradients, particularly in midlatitudes, the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation becomes less rigorous in its intensity. In spite of this seasonal change, certain circulation elements still distinctly stand out. As shown in Fig. 1a, t...

Background: This study investigated the effects of some important meteorological parameters and filler type compounds on phytotoxicity of captan in peach trees in the north of Iran. Captan is a phthalimide fungicide which has frequently been used in northern regions of Iran to control certain plant diseases. This fungicide has caused intense phytotoxicity in peach trees which was first observ...