Nonstructural carbon (NSC) provides the carbon and energy for plant growth and survival. In woody plants, fundamental questions about NSC remain unresolved: Is NSC storage an active or passive process? Do older NSC reserves remain accessible to the plant? How is NSC depletion related to mortality risk? Herein we review conceptual and mathematical models of NSC dynamics, recent observations and ...

Our objective was to examine alterations in carbohydrate status of leaf meristems that are associated with nitrogen-induced changes in leaf elongation rates of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Dark respiration rates, concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, and soluble proteins were measured in leaf intercalary meristems and adjacent segments of elongating leaves. The two genoty...

This white paper lays out some foundational information about different approaches to safety: how various industries differ in their approaches to safety engineering, and a comparison of three general approaches to safety (system safety, industrial safety engineering, and reliability engineering). An attempt is made to lay out the properties of industries and systems that make one approach more...

The replication of picornaviruses has been described to cause fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus that blocks the secretory pathway. The inhibition of major histocompatibility complex class I upregulation and cytokine, chemokine and interferon secretion may have important implications for host defense. Previous studies have shown that disruption of the secretory pathway can be replicated by ex...

This paper presents a new approach to the project of steel buildings, mainly focused on architectural, structural, and seismic design stairs. The objective is structural stair system capable controlling damage contributing bracing building. article begins with review standard (ATC, FEMA, EC8) which current criteria for buildings stairs are based. research based two spatial building models (A–B)...

Safety case development is not a post-development activity, rather it should occur throughout the system development lifecycle. The key components in a safety case are safety arguments. Too often, safety arguments are constructed without proper reasoning. Inappropriate reasoning in safety arguments could undermine a system’s safety claims, which in turn contributes to safety-related failures of...

Abstract This article presents a numerical study on the influence of anchorage shear hysteresis seismic response nonstructural components (NSC) connected to multi-storey reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, and itself. To cover variety different types shapes, this contribution considered experimental results obtained for five post-installed anchors. The were used calibrating model connecting an ...

• Combining a flexible rocking wall system and the flexibility of timber can result in building with considerable flexibility. This paper investigates how partition detailing affects dynamic properties structural system. determines when it is beneficial to consider nonstructural walls overall resistance. Fixed contribute significantly seismic resistance while deformation-compatible ones offer l...

For any software system upon which lives depend, the most important question one can ask about it is, ‘How do we know the system is safe?’ Despite the critical importance of this question, no widely accepted, generally applicable answer exists. Instead, debate continues to rage over the question, with theorists and practitioners quarrelling with each other and amongst themselves. This paper sug...