PFP is an incentive scheme in which employees receive extra, performancedependent compensation for their work if they reach certain performance targets. The most common form of PFP incentive awards are cash bonuses. Nearly all firms above minimal size provide some form of PFP to some employees, at least to management level and above. But PFP schemes are also provided at nonmanagement levels and...

UNLABELLED This paper presents an approach to assessing cluster validity based on similarity knowledge extracted from the Gene Ontology. AVAILABILITY The program is freely available for non-profit use on request from the authors.

This study was supported by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Long-Range Research Initiative and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. M.-A.V. conducted this study as a consultant for the Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, an independent nonprofit organization. M.P.L. received no compensation from the AC...

In this article we analyze an informed firm's choice of financial structure when the financing contract is observed not only by the capital market but also by a second uninformed party, such as a competing firm. The informed firm's gross profit is endogenous, because the second party's action depends on the transaction it observes between the informed firm and the capital market. The main resul...

The Transportation Research Forum, founded in 1958, is an independent, nonprofit organization of transportation professionals who conduct, use, and benefit from research. Its purpose is to provide an impartial meeting ground for carriers, shippers, government officials, consultants, university researchers, suppliers, and others seeking exchange of information and ideas related to both passenger...

We investigate the approximability of the NPO PB complete problems Min Ones Min Dones Max Ones Max Dones and Max PB Programming We show that unless P NP these problems are not approximable within n for any where n is the number of variables in the input Since all of these problems are approximable within n this lower bound is close to optimal

Does a participatory, open-ended organizational format inspire creativity and draw on participants' local knowledge? Many nonprofits operate under this assumption, and many of their financial sponsors agree, and therefore demand precise accounts documenting the nonprofits' "participatory" formats. In the U.S. youth civic engagement projects described here, the practice of accounting itself had ...

The Transportation Research Forum, founded in 1958, is an independent, nonprofit organization of transportation professionals who conduct, use, and benefit from research. Its purpose is to provide an impartial meeting ground for carriers, shippers, government officials, consultants, university researchers, suppliers, and others seeking exchange of information and ideas related to both passenger...