One of the most difficult issues within corpora annotation on an underlying syntactic level is the restoration of nodes omitted in the surface shape of the sentence, but present on the “underlying” or “deep” syntactic level. In the present paper we concentrate on such type of nodes which are omitted due to the phenomenon usually called grammatical “control” with regard to their respective anaph...

First posted June 8, 2022 For additional information, contact: Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey405 North Goodwin Urbana, IL 61801Contact Pubs Warehouse Ratings are used for a variety of reasons in water-resources investigations. The simplest rating relates discharge to the stage river. From pure hydrodynamics perspective, all rivers and streams have some for...

knowledge of marble bag composition has been triggered by many individual examples of marble bags. More interestingly, this learner was able to have certain expectations about a marble bag containing a novel marble color by learning from bags containing only black or white marbles. Translating this to a linguistic example, suppose the marble bags are individual sentences. Some sentences contain...

Pomsets have been introduced as a mode2 of concurrency. Since a pomset is a string in which the total order has been relaxed to be a partial order, in this paper we view them as a generalization cf Strings, and investigate their algebraic properties. In particular, we investigate the axiomatic properties of pornsets, sets of pomsets and ideals of pornsets, under such operations as concatenation...

I propose an analysis of the inflectional system of clauses that captures both crosslinguistic variation and differences between adult speakers and young children learning a given language. The phenomena of interest fall into two classes: 1) case marking and subject-predicate agreement; and 2) tense marking and the licensing of overt and null subjects. The major goals are • to motivate the comp...

The five-element Brandt semigroup B2 and its four-element subsemigroup B0, obtained by omitting one nonidempotent, have played key roles in the study of varieties of semigroups. Regarded in that fashion, they have long been known to be finitely based. The semigroup B2 carries the natural structure of an inverse semigroup. Regarded as such, in the signature {·,−1 }, it is also finitely based. It...

A new version of the MOSAIC model of syntax acquisition is presented. The modifications to the model aim to address two weaknesses in its earlier simulations of the Optional Infinitive phenomenon: an over-reliance on questions in the input as the source for Optional Infinitive errors, and the use of an utterance-final bias in learning (recency effect), without a corresponding utterance-initial ...

1. The types of perfect Interpretation-wise, several types of perfect expressions have been recognized in the literature (e. To illustrate, a present perfect can have one of at least three interpretations: (1) a. Since 2000, Alexandra has lived in LA. UNIVERSAL b. Alexandra has been in LA (before). EXPERIENTIAL c. Alexandra has (just) arrived in LA. RESULTATIVE The three types of perfect make d...

Deficits in the production of verbal inflection (tense marking, or finiteness) are part of the Optional Infinitive (OI) stage of typical grammatical development. They are also a hallmark of language impairment: they have been used as biomarkers in guiding genetic studies of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and have also been observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To determine the detai...

Modern Persian conjugation makes use of five periphrastic constructions. We contrast the properties of these five constructions and argue that they call for different analyses. We propose contrasting analyses relying on the combination of an HPSG approach to feature geometry and syntactic combination, and an approach to paradigm organization and morphological exponence based on Paradigm Functio...