this paper aims to analyze tariff protection policies in the agricultural sector of developing countries. the agricultural tariff structure in developing countries is characterized by: i) high average tariffs, ii) the existence of tariff escalation, iii) dispersion of nominal tariffs across tariff lines, and iv) a wide gap between average nominal tariffs and import-weighted average tariffs. con...

Due to timely process of WTO negotiations, unwillingness of advanced industrial countries to give concessions to developing economies regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers on agricultural commodity imports, the ongoing initiatives in Northern hemisphere to establish new and wider free trading areas which will divert trade out of the market from Asian countries, and ineffectiveness of deepeni...

Non-tariff measures as hidden barriers to agricultural trade would not only result in production and welfare distortions due the international relocation of activities along value chain, but also yield subsequent consequences both scale distribution carbon emissions from agri-food system. This paper estimates ad valorem equivalents non-tariff using a gravity model combination with detailed bila...

IN 1995 when the WTO was established, it seemed to be final confirmation of the success of a system that had managed multilateral trade relations since 1947. It provided an institutional framework within which governments were not only able to negotiate reductions in trade barriers but also to bind themselves to rules of conduct that, in principle, were both universal and nondiscriminatory. Abo...

Since the 1960s, non-tariff measures (NTMs) have been continuously replacing tariffs as core element of trade negotiations. In 21st century, they take centre stage in all EU agreements with industrialised and emerging economies. By matching product codes to rich data NTM notifications World Trade Organization merging information provided by Temporary Barriers Database, we provide a valuable ope...

BACKGROUND Central America has undergone extensive trade liberalization over the past two decades, and has recently signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States. The region is also experiencing a dual burden of malnutrition with the growth of dietary patterns associated with the global 'nutrition transition'. This study describes the relationship between trade liberalization policies an...

During the last years, significant changes happened in seasonal river hydrology Europe due to climate change. Nevertheless, according presented analysis, total water runoff for hydropower generation did not The fact is an important policy implication small promotion Ukraine because it belongs that region and has similar conditions. Having analysed potential, paper describes main advantages limi...

We develop a multi-country Dixit-Stiglitz model to investigate the impacts of: (i) changes in the international distribution of consumers’ expenditure; (ii) decreasing tariffs; and (iii) improvements in transportation infrastructure. We show that, in general, decreasing tariff barriers do not allow for any clear predictions regarding changes in industry location and welfare, whereas this is pos...