Abstract Background Endomyocardial biopsy is the standard technique for rejection surveillance in heart transplantation recipients and an invasive method with important limitations clearly associated both a risk of procedural complications serious long-term sequelae when performed repeatedly. All these considerations highlight need to identify non-invasive alternative methods capable discrimina...

Background and Aim: Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) sets in following interactivity of fungi with Sino nasal tract when immune system is subdued. Due to varied clinical presentation of FRS with inconclusive evidence of imaging, mycological evaluation helps to identify and speciate the fungi .FRS can be diagnosed with biopsy tissue and/or deep nasal swabs. This study was undertaken to know risk fact...

nowadays, new advances in the use of cell free fetal dna (cffdna) in maternal plasma of pregnant women has provided the possibility of applying cffdna in prenatal diagnosis as a non-invasive method. in contrary to the risks of invasive methods that affect both mother and fetus, applying cffdna is proven to be highly effective with lower risk. one of the applications of prenatal diagnosis is fet...

The objective of this review is to assess the evidence which supports the use of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) in twin pregnancies. Through the years, we have witnessed the technological developments in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis attained new heights, but those studies were usually limited in singleton pregnancies. As we known, twin pregnancies are at higher risk in both aneuploid...

Background: Current prenatal diagnosis requires invasive testing which carries a 1-4% procedure-related-risk of miscarriage; hence, non-invasive techniques are desired. The recent demonstration of cell-free-fetal-DNA enriched from maternal plasma has opened new possibilities for non-invasive-prenatal-diagnosis of not only genetic-disorders such as β-thalassaemia and haemophilia but also chromos...