We analyze the Nash equilibria of a standard Bertrand model. We show that in addition to the marginal-cost pricing equilibrium there is a possibility for mixed-strategy equilibria yielding positive profit levels. We characterize these equilibria and find that having unbounded revenues is the necessary and sufficient condition for their existence. Hence, we demonstrate that under realistic assum...

background: the aim of this study was to detect prognostic factors in recurrent breast cancer metastasis. materials and methods: th is retrospective cohort study employed data from 996 breast cancer patients of isfahan seyed-o-shohada research center from 1998 to 2010. stratifi ed cox proportional hazards model, marginal approach, was used to evaluate the prognostic value of estrogen receptor, ...

In earlier work a toll pricing framework for congestion pricing has been developed for both fixed and elastic demand traffic assignment models as an alternative to traditional marginal social cost pricing. Within the framework it is possible to define alternative objectives such as minimizing toll costs, minimizing the number of toll booths, etc. This paper will report the results of recent com...

---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract In restructured electricity markets, an effective transmission pricing method is required to address transmission issues and to generate correct economic signals to reduce the generation cost. It is necessary to develop an appropriate pricing schem...

Pricing is one of the best tools to improve the efficiency of highly congested transportation networks. It has been shown that an optimal toll pattern can be determined by applying the welfare-economics principle of marginal pricing. Because implementing the marginal pricing solution to the toll optimization problem requires charging each arc of the network any real valued toll, which is not re...

This article discusses a number of issues that will become increasingly important now that the concept of marginal external cost pricing becomes more likely to be implemented as a policy strategy in transport in reality. The first part of the article deals with the long-run efficiency of marginal external cost pricing. It is shown that such prices not only optimize short-run mobility, given the...