Objectives: Nouns and verbs are the central conceptual linguistic units of language acquisition in all human languages. While the noun-bias hypothesis claims that nouns have a privilege in children’s lexical development across languages, studies on Mandarin and Korean and other languages have challenged this view. More recent cross-linguistic naming studies on children in German, Turkish,...

Introduction: Word retrieval problems are among the limitations observed in children with specific language impairment during the initial schooling years. These restrictions are predictive of reading problems and poor performance at school. Additionally, studies on lexical access in Persian speaking children are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare naming accuracy and ...

Introduction: Otolaryngology is a field with a high referral rate; however, there is a dearth of research on the quality of referral letters written in this field. This study was carried out to explicitly assess the quality of referral letters, more specifically in the field of otology.   Materials and Methods: Two otologists assessed referral letters written by general ...

This paper proposes the hierarchical naming scheme, which is a way of naming and addressing suitable for large-scale distributed systems. FIrst, assumptions of the systems are provided, and features required for naming in the systems are discussed. Then, the methods for giving location-independent IDs and addresses representing objects' location are proposed. Our scheme constructs global IDs an...

the poets of lyrical poetry usually take advantage of various ways. one method used to compose love poetry is usage of alphabetic letters. other than the combination of letters in order to create new words and meanings, arabic letters of alphabet basically have another literary role – discussed in this paper – that of outward shape of the letter which has been used to create the most beautiful ...

In the present study we examined Speed of Processing derived from a number cognitive tests; response speeds were nearly automatic for tests with minimal load. The given to students across ages 8 20 in schools and colleges located various parts India. structure constellation test responses was determined by factor analyses. We report one stable speed 8-10 that splits into two separate but correl...

Normative data stratified by three levels of age (16-59, 60-79, and 80-95 years) and three levels of education (0-8, 9-12, and 13-21 years) are presented for phonemic verbal fluency (FAS) and categorical verbal fluency (Animal Naming). The normative sample, aged 16 to 95 years, consisted of 1,300 cognitively intact individuals who resided in the community. Years of education ranged from 0 to 21...

Older adults' relatively better memory for positive over negative material (positivity effect) has been widely observed in Western samples. This study examined whether a relative preference for positive over negative material is also observed in older Koreans. Younger and older Korean participants viewed images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), were tested for recall and r...

1. introduction composition and letter writing are some of the most important issues that have been addressed in the past. especially at the ninth and tenth centuries hegira (teimurian era), valuable works have been composed in this regard, as some have reviewed and attended to the structure, while others have collected the original and content of the letters by the past eminent scholars. these...

This series of studies represents an effort to extend the subtractive method of Bonders to the analysis of depth of processing in simple classification tasks. The stimuli are always pairs of items (letters, nonsense forms, digits) to which S must respond "same" or "different" as quickly as possible. Levels of instruction are physical identity (e.g., AA), name identity (e.g., Aa), and rule ident...