Plants, phytophagous insects and their parasitoids form the most diverse assemblages of macroscopic organisms on earth. Enclosed in particular represent a tractable system for studying community assembly diversification. Communities associated with widespread plant species are especially suitable as they facilitate comparative approach. Pantropical fig-wasp communities remarkably well-replicate...

Abstract A significant amount of apiaries is destroyed in most areas Iraq by attacking the hornet Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771, as well deterioration European honey bees’ Apis mellifera 1758 productivity recently because environmental changes and pollutions; this effect was evident economy plant production, bees popular species pollinator crops globally. There no effective environmentally sa...

Ap Applicati tions ons in in Pl Plant t Scien Sciences ces Figs (Ficus L., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) are a textbook example of pollination mutualism and one of the best cases of coevolution known (Jousselin et al., 2003). With more than 750 species, fi gs are a common component of tropical and subtropical habitats and are completely dependent on their pollin...

Molecular techniques are revealing increasing numbers of morphologically similar but co-existing cryptic species, challenging the niche theory. To understand the co-existence mechanism, we studied phenologies of morphologically similar species of fig wasps that pollinate the creeping fig (F. pumila) in eastern China. We compared phenologies of fig wasp emergence and host flowering at sites wher...

The centipede of science advances on many feet of tools, guided by serendipity and creativity, along a pathway made coherent only retrospectively by hypothesis. The tools may be big and singular, as Galileo’s telescope, or small and myriad, as the new molecules discovered by genetic and cellular analysis. The article by Kerjaschki et al. (1) from Vienna, published in this issue of JASN, reveals...

The Pompilidae is a cosmopolitan and diverse group of wasps, which commonly feed on nectar. However, pollination systems specialized pompilids have not been documented in detail outside southern Africa. Here, we studied Caladenia drummondii (Orchidaceae) where, based floral traits preliminary field observations, predicted by sexual deception male pompilid wasps. Detailed pollinator observations...

Bonang barung is one of the ricikan found in gamelan sekaten and ageng. It functions as garap, it means that bonang must work on balungan gending. The techniques or motifs wasps include: mipil, gembyang, imbal, klenangan. Of several wasps, many mipil are adopted from wasps. This study aims to determine relationship between wasp method used descriptive analytical. Data was collected through inte...

A two-year experiment was carried out to study the effects of pollinator line characteristicson the quantity and quality of monogerm hybrid seed production in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)and select proper pollinator for five promising sugar beet cytoplasmic male sterile lines (CMSs)during 2012-2013 growing seasons. In this study, four diploid pollinator lines were crossed byfive CMSs of sugar ...