limb girdle muscular dystrophies (lgmds) are group of neuromuscular disorders which are characterized by progressive muscle weakness and they mostly affect the pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles. this disease can be inherited as autosomal dominant (lgmd1) and autosomal recessive (lgmd2). so far seven autosomal dominant and 20 autosomal recessive forms of this disease have been recognized reflec...

background: spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. it is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. the smn1 gene is recognized as a sma causing gene while naip has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical s...

Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects mainly young boys and is usually inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. The disease begins in infancy or early childhood and is characterized by weakness of the lower limbs and pelvic girdle musculature almost invariably associated with swollen calves ('pseudohypertrophy'). The weakness gradually progresses and ultimately the child becomes confined to a wh...

BACKGROUND Studies with nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents showed a delayed onset and prolonged recovery in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The objective of this study was to investigate if these alterations depend on disease progression. METHODS The authors studied 11 children (6-9 yr) with moderate Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 11 adolescents (12-16 yr) with advanced Du...

Loss-of-function mutations in the Fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I (LGMD2I) and other forms of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy that are associated with glycosylation defects in the α-dystroglycan (α-DG) protein. Systemic administration of a single dose of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector expressing human...

In a paper dealing with diverticular disease, Morson (1963) stated that four out of 155 specimens of sigmoid colon removed at St. Mark's Hospital, London, for 'diverticulitis' showed an increase of the muscular thickness of the wall without any detectable diverticula. There were no signs of inflammation in the wall, and the muscular abnormality could be compared to that seen in patients with di...

 Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. It is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. The SMN1 gene is recognized as a SMA causing gene while NAIP has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical ...

Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy is a motor neuron disorder characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Initially, the disease was considered purely as an autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function SMN1 mutations on 5q13. Recent developments in next generation sequencing technologies, however, have unveiled a gr...

Limb Girdle Muscular Disease (LGMD) comprise a group of inherited muscular distrophy with chronic progressive weakness hip and shoulder girdles. The inheritance pattern is either autosomal dominant (LGMD1) or recessive (LGMD2). LGMD 2A known as calpainopathy in which there was defect gene encoding the protein named calpain. There are three phenotypes according to distribution muscle age at onse...