187 commercial checken flocks affected with respiratory diseases were examined for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolation. The bacterium was isolated from 105 (56.2%) poultry flocks. Drug sensitivity test using standard disk diffusion technique was performed with 19 antibiotics. All the isolates were susceptible to tiamulin and most of them were susceptible to chloramphenicol and linco-spect...

Background and Objectives: Chronic respiratory diseases impose a significant socioeconomic burden on individuals and communities and are severely overlooked compared to other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the mortality rate and years of life lost due to respiratory diseases in northern Iran. Methods: The documen...

In multicausal abductive tasks a person must explain some findings by assembling a composite hypothesis that consists of one or more elementary hypotheses. If there are n elementary hypotheses, there can be up to 2 composite hypotheses. To constrain the search for hypotheses to explain a new observation, people sometimes use their current explanation—the previous evidence and their present comp...

Multicausal abductive tasks appear to have deliberate and implicit components: people generate and modify explanations using a series of recognizable steps, but these steps appear to be guided by an implicit hypothesis evaluation process. This paper proposes a hybrid symbolic-connectionist learning architecture for multicausal abduction. The architecture tightly integrates a symbolic Soar model...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous, small, noncoding RNA molecules that modulate physiological and pathological processes by post-transcriptional inhibition of gene expression. They were first recognised as regulators of development in worms and fruitflies. In recent years extensive research has explored their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Over 1,000 human miRNA...

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The self-medication phenomenon in upper respiratory tract infections, rhinosinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are significant and will continue to increase. Current level of evidence is poor because of the small number of good quality studies, small sample size, short duration, and variation in the composition of the herbal interventions or therapies. The current revie...