Desalination technologies improve water quality, greatly reduce water shortage problems, and improve quality of life and economic status. Two main technologies are currently used in water desalination: thermal (phase-change) processes and membrane processes. The primary thermal distillation processes include multistage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and vapor compres...

Thermal desalination plants consume large quantifies of heat energy for seawater evaporation. In condensing water vapor procured in evaporators and cooling distillate, a major part of heat energy is lost in the environment. Heat energy in processes of condensation and evaporation in desalination of seawater is quantitatively equal but these processes take place under different temperatures. Dif...

Thermal desalination is yet a reliable technology in the treatment of brackish water and seawater; however, its demanding high energy requirements have lagged it compared to other non-thermal technologies such as reverse osmosis. This review provides an outline development trends three most commercially used thermal or phase change worldwide: Multi Effect Distillation (MED), Stage Flash (MSF), ...

With growing global desalination capacity, brine from plants has become an environmental threat to the ecosystems. One sustainable method for treatment is develop zero liquid discharge systems that completely convert seawater into freshwater and salts. This paper presents a system, which consists of multi-effect distillation evaporative crystallization, treat with salinity 70 g/kg. A thermodyna...

Desalination was for long considered a technology too expensive to adopt in most arid countries except those with large reserves of fossil fuels and affluent economies. Recent advances in desalination technology have abolished this old paradigm and have increased its market share in many arid and semi-arid countries. Nevertheless, the introduction of a desalination plant will inevitably be asso...