Applied researchers have employed chi-square tests for more than one hundred years. This paper addresses the question of how one should follow a statistically significant chi-square test result in order to determine the source of that result. Four approaches were evaluated: calculating residuals, comparing cells, ransacking, and partitioning. Data from two recent journal articles were used to i...

An epidemiological study was conducted at Pet centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore for the prevalence of Babesiosis in cats. A total of (n=5,183) cats, during the year January 2007 to December 2009 were examined. The monthly prevalence of Babesiosis and distribution by age breed and gender were calculated by chi square test for comparison. The overall prevalence was 163 (...

The test of homogeneity for intraclass correlation coefficients has been one of the active topics in statistical research. Several chi-square tests have been proposed to test the homogeneity of intraclass correlations in the past few decades. The big concern for them is that these methods are seriously biased when sample sizes are not large. In this thesis, data driven approaches are proposed t...

One shortcoming of the Pearson chi-square test is that it only examines the distribution of experiment outcomes, but not their interdependence. For example, the test statistic is invariant against re-ordering the outcomes. To remedy the shortcoming, G. Marsaglia suggested combining consecutive outcomes to form tuples and then examining the distribution of the tuples. The statistic of the test i...

BACKGROUND This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between Chinese medicine (CM) dietary patterns (hot, neutral, and cold) and the incidence of breast cancer among Chinese women in Hong Kong. METHODS Breast cancer cases (n = 202) and healthy controls (n = 202) were matched according to demographics. Chinese women residing in Hong Kong for the past 7 year...

An example of data from a study of disfl uencies in speech is shown in Table 1, which shows the parts of speech of 335 words following three types of disfl uencies. Both the part of speech and the disfl uency markers represent categorical variables. Table 1 shows that 30 uh’s were followed by a noun, 20 uhm’s were followed by a verb, etc. One question a researcher may be interested in exploring...

Background: The Ethiopian epidemic is currently on the wane. However, the situation for infected children is in some ways lagging behind due to low treatment coverage and deficient prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Too few studies have examined HIV infected children presenting to care in low-income countries in general. Considering the presence of local variations in the nature of the...

Motivated by the key importance of multi-sensor information fusion algorithms in the state-of-the-art integrated navigation systems due to recent advancements in sensor technologies, telecommunication, and navigation systems, the paper proposes an improved and innovative fault-tolerant fusion framework. An integrated navigation system is considered consisting of four sensory sub-systems, i.e., ...

The recent droughts in Iran made a decline in groundwater table and the migration of villagers to cities was hindered supplying drinking water for the current population. Therefore it should be considered as an important issue. In this regard, it is possible to achieve this goal by constructing underground dams that recently have been suggested to replace by medium and small overland dams. The ...