The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only licensed vaccine for human use against tuberculosis (TB). Although controversy exists about its efficacy, the BCG vaccine is able to protect newborns and children against disseminated forms of TB, but fails to protect adults against active forms of TB. In the last few years, interest in the mucosal delivery route for the vaccine has been in...

We developed highly expressing clade B and AE DNA and envelope protein (Env) vaccines for evaluation in mice and macaques as DNA prime/protein boost regimens. High levels of Env-specific antibodies were induced in mice, albeit with limited neutralizing activity in vitro. A combined clade B and AE regimen induced high titer Env-specific antibody in two pigtail macaques that neutralized several s...

Intranasal delivery of vaccines provides an attractive alternative to parenteral delivery, but it requires appropriate mucosal adjuvants. Cholera toxin (CT) is a powerful mucosal adjuvant, but it can undergo retrograde transport to the brain via the olfactory system after intranasal delivery. We demonstrate that intranasal delivery of CT increases the expression of interleukin-1 beta , cyclooxy...

The successful development of a mucosal vaccine depends critically on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or carrier system. This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle, derived from bacteria, used in mucosal subunit vaccines. The non-living particles, designated bacterium-like particles are based on the food-grade bacterium Lactoc...

Edible vaccines offer exciting possibilities for significantly reducing the burden of diseases like hepatitis and diarrhoea, particularly in developing world where storing and administering vaccines are the major problems. Edible vaccines are prepared by molecular farming using the science of genetic engineering. Selected genes are introduced into the plants. The transgenic plant is then induce...

background: influenza outbreak has become a great lifethreateningdisease in the world. nasal vaccines can inducesystemic igg and mucosal iga antibody responses, whichestablish two layers of immune defense against the infectiouspathogens like influenza. mucosal vaccines must overcomeseveral limitations, including the mucociliary clearance andinefficient uptake of soluble antigens. therefore, nas...

The poultry industry depends heavily on immunization, particularly with live attenuated vaccines. These vaccines are commonly not adjuvanted and can be either injected or delivered in birds’ mucosa. In the current study we evaluated protective efficacy of non-adjuvanted Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) Three NDV were used to vaccinate three groups chickens. same immunizations administere...

Abstract Mucosal vaccines have the potential to elicit protective immune responses at point of entry respiratory pathogens thus preventing even initial seed infection. Unlike licensed injectable vaccines, mucosal comprising protein subunits are only in development stage. One primary challenges associated with has been identification and characterization safe yet effective adjuvants that can eff...