Signi cant advances have been made in the area of macro planning for assembly operations (i.e., dividing a product into sub-assemblies, determining the sequence of assembly operations). On the contrary, the state of the art in micro planning (i.e., tool selection, path planning for tool and part movements) is rather primitive. To generate a realizable assembly plan, both macro planning and micr...

this study was based on the hypothesis that “ecotourism is an important instrument in sustainable rural development and ecologically-based landscape planning approaches which take the objectives of socio-economic development and nature conservation have an effective role in this issue”. for this purpose, the necessity of ecologically-based landscape planning approaches in the planning and imple...

information and communication technology (ict) has transformed how we live our lives and the way we interact in different contexts. benefits of ict and its upcoming efficiencies (i.e. energy efficiency) are becoming the heart of many public services’ reforms which have influenced the time, distance and space concepts. at present, not only there is a lack of clarity about what high-quality ictba...

in the past, health planning in iran has been carried out in the context of short-range economic plans. although this mechanism has helped a great deal in the achievement of certain health plans however, the said scheme has been short in meeting the health objectives on a comprehensive basis. most often, the heath programs have lost their values to the priority and cost effectiveness of economi...

research on pre-task planning has revealed that planned conditions have produced more fluent and complex language than unplanned conditions. to date, most of these studies have investigated the effects of individual planning on language production while collaborative planning has received scant attention. to determine the effects of pre-task planning on second language written production, the p...