The landscape metaphor was one of the first methods used by the information visualization community to reorganize and depict document archives that are not inherently spatial. The motivation for the use of the landscape metaphor is that everyone intuitively understands landscapes. We critically examine the information visualization designer’s ontologies for implementing spatialized landscapes w...

This section of the Handbook deals with the culture of the Andean region between Ecuador and the northern border of Aymara territory as it was observed by the Spanish conquerors in the 16th century and recorded in surviving documents. This area includes the whole of the desert Coast of Perti and the broken valleys of the Peruvian Highlands, a region which was the home of many different tribes, ...

Analysis of hair is known to provide useful information about environmental and toxic exposures. Very little historical use has been made this type investigation. Here we study 138 human samples from 19th century in France. In order examine the potential association between contamination health impacts, characterized by 33 elements a set strands sampled during last quarter Savoy region After se...

Northern areas of Pakistan have blessed with extremely beautiful natural landscapes, waterfalls, glaciated mountains, biodiversity rich valleys and forests and have extraordinary potential for ecotourism. Study is designed to propose potential sites for ecotourism in Kohistan, which is a least developed but biodiversity rich area of Pakistan.  Poor planning and mismanagement of tourism practice...

The Gobi Desert is a dominant source of dust on the Asian continent. In this study, we analysed characteristics typical Mongolian storm and identified prominent hotspot in Desert. During field survey from Ulaanbaatar (the capital Mongolia) to Dalanzadgad Desert, encountered 28 April 2019, exhibiting distinct wall. head crossed road several kilometres ahead our vehicle. had height 600 m, its str...

Mountains are perceived as places of biodiversity, attractive with breathtaking aesthetic views and epitomized by their unique landscape features. As mountains the second most demanded outdoor destination category at a global level after beaches islands, steady growth tourism high pressure on sensitive mountain ecosystems. can be observed from practice in environments, distribution activities i...

Ecuador is a small country located on the northwest comer of the South American continent. Intertwined within its boundaries abounds a wondrous array of diversity. Thee diverse regions encompass the geography of the land: the Costa, the Sierra, and the Oriente. The Costa region borders the Pacific Ocean and consists of lowlands, mountains, and rolling hills dividing the river valleys. The Sierr...

Blogs have created a fast growing social network on the Internet. However ranking solutions are not sufficient to capture relationships between important blogs and between communities. In our paper, we combine blog rankings with their social connections to provide a framework to understand multiple blog communities. A novel mountain view visualization is provided to explore different communitie...

New Guinea’s mountains provide an important case study for understanding early modern human environmental adaptability and early developments leading to agriculture. Evidence is presented showing that human colonization pre-dated 35ka (ka1⁄4 thousands of uncalibrated radiocarbon years before present) and was accompanied by landscape modification using fire. Sorties into the subalpine zone may h...

We consider the problem of enumerating the different ways in which the classic Miura map fold crease pattern can be folded flat. Specifically, we aim to count the number M(n,m) of ways to assign mountains and valleys to the creases so that each vertex in a m by n Miura map fold will be able to fold flat. Recurrence relations and closed formulas are found for small n and arbitrary m. We also pro...