introduction: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) is highly expressed in the hippocampus, which has a pivotal role in reward-related memories and morphine dependence. methods: in the present study, morphine tolerance was induced in male wistar rats by 7 days repeated morphine injections once daily, and then gene expression profile of α-isoform of camkii (camkiiα) in the hipp...

conclusions the results showed that endurance training reduced pain by increasing apelin in morphine-dependent rats. therefore, it is suggested that this type of training be considered for the morphine-dependent patients for pain relief. objectives therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate apelin and pain threshold changes in healthy and morphine-dependent rats in response to two exercis...

The opioid system plays an important role in learning and memory by modulation of different molecules in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of hippocampal nitric oxide and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) on the morphine-induced modulation of spatial memory consolidation in male rats. Spatial memory was assessed in Morris water maze task b...

The expression of mRNAs for the glial glutamate transporters, GLT-1 and GLAST, in the rat brain accompanied with morphine dependence and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was investigated by Northern blot analysis. The expression of GLT-1 mRNA was significantly decreased in the striatum and thalamus of morphine-dependent rats, and significantly increased in the striatum 2 h after the naloxone-pr...

Introduction: It has been reported that acute administration of morphine impairs learning and memory processes in rats. Furthermore, recent studies showed that Saffron extract improved ethanol-induced impairments of learning behaviors in mice, and also prevented ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation. It can be postulated that there are some common mechanisms respon...

introduction: the relation between morphine and nitric oxide release has been shown. due to important role of nitric oxide in regulation of skin blood flow, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (l-name) and nitric oxide synthesis precursor (l-arginine) on skin blood flow of intact and morphine-dependent rats. methods: skin blood flow of hind paw...

Chronic morphine treatment and naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal activates stress-related brain circuit and results in significant changes in food intake, body weight gain and energy metabolism. The present study aimed to reveal hypothalamic mechanisms underlying these effects. Adult male rats were made dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of constant release drug pellets....

wound healing has always been among important and crucial subjects in medicine. morphine dependency has also been a social and health problem in the middle east. this study was aimed to investigate the effects of morphine dependency on pro-inflammatory and fibroblast cell recruitment, as well as re-epithelialization and the revascularization processes involved in secondary intention wound heali...

background and objectives: previous studies have shown the antinociceptive effect of morphine in animal models, but the specific anti-pain consequence of the abuse drug in female animals is unclear. the present research showed the morphine antinociception in female wistar rats using formalin test. materials and methods: subjects were 40 female wistar rats purchased from pasteur institute of ira...

Tolerance to morphine analgesia is believed to result from a neuronal adaptation produced by continuous drug administration, although the precise mechanisms involved have yet to be established. Recently, we reported selective alterations in rat spinal calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) markers in morphine-tolerant animals. In fact, increases in CGRP-like immunostaining and decrements in spe...