Abstract: This paper discusses the processing of topic meaning in metaphor comprehension, which consists not only of the acceptance of metaphor-relevant meaning but also the rejection of metaphor-irrelevant meaning. Our study examined the rejection process of topic word (e.g., “lawyer”) that include an irrelevant meaning (e.g., “helps people”) in metaphor comprehension (e.g., “a lawyer is like ...

Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon in natural language. This paper focuses on metaphor identification. Based on the linguistic definition, an improved classification system of Chinese metaphors is presented, classifying metaphorical language into two categories: referential metaphor with ten subclasses and collocational metaphor with five subclasses. Furthermore, a novel pattern matching algori...

—Sharks, turtles, billfish, and marine mammals are frequently caught accidentally in commercial fisheries. Although conservationists and fisheries managers encourage the release of these nontarget species, the long-term outcome of released animals is uncertain. Using blue sharks Prionace glauca, we developed a model to predict the long-term survival of released animals based on analysis of smal...

Social insects not only live altruistically, they die so: a new study reveals that moribund ants abandon their nests to die in seclusion, which reduces the risk of transmitting diseases to relatives.

language, science and politics go together and learning these genres is to learn a language created for codifying, extending and transmitting scientific and political knowledge. grammatical metaphor is divided into two broad areas: ideational and interpersonal.this paper focuses on the first type i.e. ideational grammatical metaphor (igm), which includes process types and nominalization.  the m...

Abdul Qadir Jurjânî, with his two famous books, is the most important scholar of Islamic rhetoric. He is the founder of rhetoric in the Muslim world. One of Jurjânî’s most prominent accomplishments is his comprehensive classification of metaphors. First of all, Jurjânî distinguishes between non-expressive and expressive metaphors, and then presents subclasses for expressive, or “useful”, metaph...

The economic media discourse depends upon a complex web of metaphors, among which WAR metaphor is worthy of special attention. The data used in this study is comprised of 2566 articles (about 1.2 million words) under the Economy column of China Daily published in 2014. Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) is used as the analytical framework to investigate WAR metaphor in the economic media discours...

Recent work on metaphor processing often employs selectional preference information. We present a comparison of different approaches to the modelling of selectional preferences, based on various ways of generalizing over corpus frequencies. We evaluate on the VU Amsterdam Metaphor corpus, a broad corpus of metaphor. We find that using only selectional preference information is enough to outperf...

Incidental fisheries capture has been identified as having a major effect on shark populations throughout the world. However, factors that contribute to the mortality of shark bycatch during fisheries capture are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of capture duration, sea surface temperature, and shark total length (snout to the tip of the upper caudal lobe) on the physiolo...