The remarkable appreciation of the U.S. dollar after 1980 has been viewed by many observers as a failure of the floating exchange rate system, and has been a major stimulus to calls for a return to a more managed global exchange rate system. Critics of the current international monetary arrangements argue that tighter international "rules of the game" in macroeconomic policymaking would reduce ...

The financial benchmark rate of return is gradually declining, and the free trade port policy not enough to improve investment return. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation model for under support macroeconomics proposed. A theoretical price fluctuations monetary response constructed macroeconomics, used observe impact changes in prices on economic effects control policies; thus, are as result,...

The design of time-domain equalizers or TEQs for discrete multitone modulation (DMT) systems has recently received much attention. In this paper, we present a generalization of one such design method which takes into account the noise observed in a DMT channel. Furthermore, we show how this generalization can be used for the design of fractionally spaced equalizers or FSEs. Experimental results...

Tone reservation peak-to-average (PAR) ratio reduction is an established area when it comes to bringing down signal peaks in multicarrier (DMT or OFDM) systems. When designing such a system, some questions often arise about PAR reduction. Is it worth the effort? How much can it give? How much does it give depending on the parameter choices? With this paper, we attempt to answer these questions ...

We construct cooperative diversity coding schemes that mitigate the effects of symbol asynchronicity among network users. We do so by modifying, at the expense of implementation practicality, the signaling complexity of well behaved existing schemes. The modification allows the same good performance (DMT optimality) in the presence of synchronicity, and almost-surely permits full-diversity gain...

evaluating and selecting alternatives investment projects needs considering all relevant and important aspects. in traditional methods, the focus is just on tangible monetary criteria. also in the traditional methods, either all the information’s about factors must be known precisely or sufficient objective data must be available for applying probability theory. in this paper, a combinative app...

Return-for-service (RFS) bursaries for physicians have been in use in Canada for many years, yet little is known about the programs that are currently available or the features of the RFS bursary that are particularly important to potential participants. Using document analysis, we found that RFS programs were available in nearly all provinces and territories. A survey of medical trainees from ...

abstract this study uses annual data over the period 2005-2014 and the panel vecm approach to examine financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in africa. the study shows that financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness are linked by a set of long-run relationships. policy reaction to the positive financial inclusion shock is not significant. policy reaction to the positiv...

A person looks at the sky, and tries to assess what she expects about the weather in the near future; another person weighs the costs of a financial application against its expected gain. Such expectations can sometimes be translated into a single number: for instance, the expected return on the financial application may be exactly 100 monetary units. More often, one has less determinate assess...

abstract in present paper has tried to examine and investigate quality of effectiveness of monetary shocks on the growth of agricultural sector by using time series dataes of iran economy during 1960-2006 , filter hodric-prescott method and liner regressive models. the resultes show that qualily of effectiveness monetary shocks on growth of agricultural sector is asymmetric and length of effect...