Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae. Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contamin...

Each fall, eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated sun compass to migrate to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico. The sun compass mechanism involves the neural integration of skylight cues with timing information from circadian clocks to maintain a constant heading. The neuronal substrates for the necessary interactions between compass neur...

By considering a misaligned (asymptotically uniform) magnetic field in the background of rotating black hole, we uncover possibility for highly nontrivial motion Carrollian particles on hole horizon that is characterized by time-dependent velocity and reminds us (because its latitudinal oscillations) ``monarch butterfly migration.''

BACKGROUND Selective pressures that occur during long-distance migration can influence morphological traits across a range of taxa. In flying insects, selection should favour individuals that have wing morphologies that increase energy efficiency and survival. In monarch butterflies, differences in wing morphology between migratory and resident populations suggest that migratory populations hav...

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is well known for its intimate association with milkweed plants and its incredible multi-generational trans-continental migrations. However, little is known about monarch butterflies' color perception or learning ability, despite the importance of visual information to butterfly behavior in the contexts of nectar foraging, host-plant location and mate re...

The target of our study is the Monarch Butterfly, which isknown for its multi-generational migration behavior: it mi-grates between southern Canada and Mexico over the courseof one year within three to four generations. In spite of manyreported studies, little is known about what influences theirmigration. We approach this subject by using an ecosystemmodel consisting of...