This work addresses the challenges in fabricating sub-10 nm sized features, dense sub-15 nm half-pitch arbitrary-pattern nanoimprint molds, as well as pattern transfer of the molds using nanoimprint. The molds were fabricated using an optimized electron-beam lithography process with hydrogen silsesquioxane HSQ resist. Two different mold-processing routes were investigated: 1 HSQ patterns on top...

We developed simple fabrication methods to effectively transfer the block copolymer nanopatterns to a substrate material. High aspect ratio, sub-20 nm nanopillar and nanohole structures are successfully fabricated in a SiO(2) layer in large area format, and the versatile utilities of these nanostructures as nanoimprint molds are studied. Nanoimprint lithography using these molds makes it possib...

Infections with filamentous fungi are common in transplant recipients. The risk for aspergillosis and other invasive pulmonary mycosis (IPM) is high in patients undergoing stem cell and lung transplantations. The mortality rates range from 20% to 60% and depend on a number of risk factors. The typical manifestations of IPM are lung infiltrates, consolidations, and fungal tracheobronchitis. The ...

Clamshell casting is a popular manufacturing technique where liquid is poured into a mold or cast and the cast is removed once the liquid has hardened. The term clamshell refers to the way in which the cast is removed. The two cast parts are removed by rotation through a hinge much like a clamshell. Given an object, modeled by a polyhedron P of arbitrary genus with combinatorial complexity n , ...

Molds, a subset of the fungi, are ubiquitous on our planet. Fungi are found in every ecological niche, and are necessary for the recycling of organic building blocks that allow plants and animals to live. Included in the group "fungi" are yeasts, molds and mildews, as well as large mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi that grow on dead trees. Fungi need external organic food sources and water...

objective:mold contamination of cakes and the possibility of mold growth can pose a serious health problem. bakery products include various ingredients, which regularly contain molds. these microorganisms on cakes can come from the air, contaminated packaging materials and other sources.methods: in this study, a total of 500 fungal isolates representing 36 species, were identified from cake sam...

Fungal growth in buildings starts at a water activity (a(w)) near 0.8, but significant quantities of mycotoxins are not produced unless a(w) reaches 0.95. Stachybotrys generates particularly high quantities of many chemically distinct metabolites in water-damaged buildings. These metabolites are carried by spores, and can be detected in air samples at high spore concentrations. Very little atte...

Di CARLO, F., AND REDFERN, S. 1947 Alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis. I. Purification and physical properties. Arch. Biochem., 15, 333-342. DINGLE, T., REID, W. W., AND SOLOMONS, G. L. 1953 The enzymatic degradation of pectin and other polysaccharides. II. Application of the "cup-plate" assay to the estimation of enzymes. J. Sci. Food Agr., 3, 149-155. GOODMAN, T. T. 1950 Adaptive production...

BACKGROUND Onychomycosis are caused by dermatophytes and Candida, but rarely by non- dermatophyte molds. These opportunistic agents are filamentous fungi found as soil and plant pathogens. OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of opportunistic molds in onychomycosis. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 4,220 cases with onychomycosis, diagnosed in a 39-month period at the Institute of Dermat...