Agents need to be able to adapt to changes in their environment. One way to achieve this, is to provide agents with the ability of self-modification. Self-modification requires reflection and strategies with which new knowledge can be acquired, a necessary condition for creativity. This paper describes a knowledge-level model for the design of self-modifying agents and explores the feasibility ...

All sexual organisms experience a haploid and a diploid phase during their life cycle yet the extent of each phase is remarkably variable We explore the evolution of a locus that alters the timing of meiosis hence altering the proportion of the life cycle spent in either the haploid or diploid phase Evolution of the life cycle will occur in response to viability selection acting at tness loci e...

All sexual organisms experience a haploid and a diploid phase during their life cycle, yet the extent of each phase is remarkably variable. We explore the evolution of a locus that alters the timing of meiosis, hence altering the proportion of the life cycle spent in either the haploid or diploid phase. Evolution ofthe life cycle will occur in response to viability selection acting at fitness l...

Life emerged on Earth in an anaerobic environment, bathed in noxious gases. Among these gases, the role of hydrogen sulfide is significant since this gas, was required as a building block of life, contributed to abiogenic generation of organic compounds that gave rise to life and drove adaptations of life throughout its entire evolutionary path. During evolution, hydrogen sulfide contributed to...

how to cite this article: najafi mr, najafi ma, nasr z. diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis in children. iran j child neurol. summer 2016; 10(3): 13-23. abstract growing evidence indicates the safety and well toleration of treatment by disease-modifying in children suffering multiple sclerosis (ms). the treatment is not straight forward in a great number of patients, thus patients wi...

In this chapter, we review the use of DMARDs in several clinical RA cohorts and databases between the 1970s and the 2000s. The DMARD profile in the QUEST-RA database provides an overview of clinical use of MTX in recent years in 25 countries. The data show that (I) MTX is currently the most frequently used DMARD in RA, and (II) that this development has taken about 20 years to emerge.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a profound impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a comprehensive subjective measure of the patient's health status. Assessment of HRQoL informs on the potential advantages and disadvantages of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) beyond their effects on observer-based disability and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. This article reviews published data f...