For multicellular organisms, cell death can be as important as life itself. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays key roles during embryonic development by eliminating superfluous cells. in adult organisms, the homeostasis of tissues partly depends on eliminating damaged cells by PCD; otherwise, severe consequences can ensue. For instance, failure to eliminate damaged cells may lead to cancer. The ...

Autophagy is a bulk protein and organelle degradation system and is an important homeostatic cellular recycling mechanism. The following kinds are the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autoph‐ agy. In general, the term “autophagy” indicates macroautophagy. Autophagy is mediated by double-membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes. During the a...

Commentary Autophagy, literally meaning " self-eating, " is an evolutionarily conserved housekeeping function of most cells. Autophagy involves sequestration, removal, and degradation of cellular components by lysosomes. Three subtypes of autophagy have been described—macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy—which differ in their mechanisms of delivery of substrates to t...

I schemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other parts of the world. Despite therapeutic breakthroughs over the past decades such as percutaneous coronary intervention, antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic therapies, and angioplasty, the prevalence of isch-emic heart diseases remains extremely high and constitutes a devastating factor for heart fa...

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the major species of E.coli tRKA and of a minor species having the same GGA anticodon. These two tRNAs should recognize the UCC and UCU codons, the most widely used codons for serine in the highly expressed genes of E.coli. The two sequences differ in only one position of the D-loop. Neither tRNA has a modified adenosine in the position 3'-adjacent ...

Összefoglaló. A SARS-CoV-2-pandémia óta a Semmelweis Egyetemen és egyéb intézményekben rendszeresen végeznek boncolásokat, melyek feltárták COVID–19 jellegzetességeit. legsúlyosabb kép tüdőben mutatkozik, melynek légtelensége változó kiterjedésű, oka összetett, így tüdővizenyő, fehérjében gazdag izzadmány, az erek vérrög okozta elzáródása gyulladás. szív, vese, agy máj mértékben érintett, érrög...

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A stroke kezelésének lehetőségei az utóbbi években jelentősen megváltoztak: a thrombolysis után bevezetésre került mechanikus thrombectomia, és terápiás időablak is kitágult évek nagy multicentrikus tanulmányai alapján. Ezek lehetőségek új igényeket fogalmaztak meg képalkotó diagnosztikával szemben: ischaemia okozta morfológiai elváltozások mellett artériás kollaterális...

Response to a challenging environment proceeds through adaptation, the result of stochastic processes (chance) and of the influence of history (constraint) [1]. Adaptations, such as pesticide resistance, provide an opportunity to study historical constraints. Insecticides, widely used since the mid 1950s, have elicited numerous cases of resistance. Specific amino acid changes at unique or few c...

and Applied Analysis 3 The following are examples of G-metric spaces. Example 1.8 see 7 . Let R, d be the usual metric space. Define Gs by Gs ( x, y, z ) d ( x, y ) d ( y, z ) d x, z , 1.4 for all x, y, z ∈ R. Then it is clear that R, Gs is a G-metric space. Example 1.9 see 7 . Let X {a, b}. Define G on X ×X ×X by G a, a, a G b, b, b 0, G a, a, b 1, G a, b, b 2 1.5 and extend G to X ×X ×X by us...