Major advances in genomics, cloning and chemistry will re-stock the dwindling supply of effective antimicrobials and meet the threat of antibiotic resistance development.

Different theories have been proposed to understand the growing problem of antibiotic resistance of microbial populations. Here we investigate a model that is based on the hypothesis that senescence is a possible explanation for the existence of so-called persister cells which are resistant to antibiotic treatment. We study a chemostat model with a microbial population which is age-structured a...

1. Appreciate the implications of antibiotic resistance. 2. Understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. 3. Understand which factors contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. 4. Understand the important role of the pharmacist in the era of antibiotic resistance.

Although DNA encoding antibiotic resistance has been discovered in antibiotic preparations, its significance for the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is unknown. No phylogenetic evidence was obtained for recent horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from antibiotic-producing organisms to bacteria from human or animal sources.

A proposed international agreement on antibiotic resistance will depend on robust accountability mechanisms for real-world impact. This article examines the central aspects of accountability relationships in international agreements and lays out ways to strengthen them. We provide a menu of accountability mechanisms that facilitate transparency, oversight, complaint, and enforcement, describe h...

The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is an increasingly serious public health challenge. To address this problem, recent work ranging from clinical studies to theoretical modeling has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of resistance, its emergence and spread, and ways to counteract it. A deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics of resistance evolution will r...

Predicting evolutionary paths to antibiotic resistance is key for understanding and controlling drug resistance. When considering a single final resistant genotype, epistatic contingencies among mutations restrict evolution to a small number of adaptive paths. Less attention has been given to multi-peak landscapes, and while specific peaks can be favoured, it is unknown whether and how early a ...

Methods The study included a total of 1516 samples of which 892 were from pus and 624 were from sputum collected from patients at Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Kanchipuram from Nov 2010 to August 2011. Samples were processed and identified according to standard protocol. The Acinetobacter spp. isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against 16 antibiotics by Kirby Bau...

We have designed and fabricated a microecology to mimic a naturally occurring bacterial culture, which includes the stress gradient, metapopulation, and cellular motility. In this microecology, we show that it is possible to fix the resistance to the mutagenic antibiotic Ciprofloxacin in wild-type Escherichia coli within 10 h. We found the evolution of resistance is further accelerated in micro...