PREFACE The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated preparation of this Protocol as part of its commitment to assist the PFC Emissions Reduction/Climate Partnership for the Semiconductor Industry (the Partnership) to achieve its voluntary fluorinated greenhouse gas (F-GHG) emission reduction and reporting goals. F-GHGs include the most powerful and often persistent greenhouse gase...

Classical stochastic programming has already been used with large scale LP models for long-term analysis of energy-environment systems. We propose a Minimax Regret formulation suitable for large scale linear programming models. It has been experimentally verified that the minimax regret strategy depends only on the extremal scenarios and not on the intermediate ones, thus making the approach co...

This research investigates how uncertainties related to shale gas production will influence the longterm deployment of supply-side technologies in US electricity markets, particularly under uncertain climate policy constraints. Using a two-stage stochastic programming approach, model results suggest that there is considerable value to limiting fugitive methane emissions from shale gas. This str...

About 3 to 12% of the energy consumed by ruminants (cattle and sheep) is converted to methane in the rumen (referred to as enteric methane) and released into the atmosphere. Adopting feeding strategies that will minimize the amount of energy, lost as methane, can improve feed conversion efficiency, improve animal productivity, and is good for the environment. Producers can reduce their herd's m...

Methane produced by methanogenic archaea in ruminants contributes significantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The host genetic link controlling microbial methane production is unknown and appropriate genetic selection strategies are not developed. We used sire progeny group differences to estimate the host genetic influence on rumen microbial methane production in a factorial exper...

Preliminary analysis indicates that careful consideration of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions and sinks from a variety of sources as provided in the Kyoto Protocol is warranted. Sources, projections, abatement options and uncertainties in these estimations are investigated in support of Post-Kyoto assessments of burden sharing in the European Union. Despite large uncertainties, evidence is give...

results the modeling results showed that for the gas recovery starting in 2000 and 2015, the power generation would be 2,354 and 830 mw, respectively. in fact, the 15-year difference in gas extraction made a 200% difference. based on the results, from 2000 to 2100, 558 m3/hour of methane would be extracted, which would be equivalent to 2,354 mw energy. subsequently, the emission of 93,721,837 t...

Many studies have analysed the environmental impact of vegan, vegetarian, or reduced meat diets. To date, literature has not evaluated how diet shifts affect impacts by utilising portfolios which reflect personal nutrition preferences. Further, changing diets could alter available land for non-food uses. This paper defines novel to outline alternative transitions and choices within population f...

[1] Changes in emissions of ozone (O3) precursors affect both air quality and climate. We first examine the sensitivity of surface O3 concentrations (O3 ) and net radiative forcing of climate (RFnet) to reductions in emissions of four precursors – nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and methane (CH4). We show that long-term CH4-induced changes in O3, ...