Background: Normal children understand and use embodiment metaphorical expressions since they start learning a language, but children suffering from William’s syndrome even in adulthood have little understanding of such expressions and they can hardly use them. Objectives: This study is an attempt to teach embodiment metaphorical expressions of 4.5-5 year old Persian children suffering...

The purpose of this research is to propose a development method of a metaphorical search engine that reflects the metaphor understanding process of human-beings. Our goal is to realize a search engine which outputs the image of an object inputted metaphorically using the expression of “A like B”. For example, when you input “A dog like clouds”, the metaphorical search engine would output a visu...

This paper describes a system designed to perform text interpretation and reasoning using a spatial processor and a network of prototypical memories. These memories of basic embodied acts such as moving and grasping, are organized in a hierarchical structure based on the system’s own set of grounded feelings associated with each memory. The prototypes form metaphor schemas organized into a tall...

Identifying metaphorical language-use (e.g., sweet child) is one of the challenges facing natural language processing. This paper describes three novel algorithms for automatic metaphor identification. The algorithms are variations of the same core algorithm. We evaluate the algorithms on two corpora of Reuters and the New York Times articles. The paper presents the most comprehensive study of ...

grammaticalization provides a framework to study the genesis and development of grammatical forms in language. in this framework, it is argued that new grammatical forms are constantly developed from lexical items and the already formed grammatical items may go out of use. in spite of some counterexamples, this is often seen as a unidirectional and cyclic process. in this article the concepts o...

We used Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to assess whether reading literal, non-literal (i.e., metaphorical, idiomatic) and fictive motion sentences modulates the activity of the motor system. Sentences were divided into three segments visually presented one at a time: the noun phrase, the verb and the final part of the sentence. Single pulse-TMS was delivered at the end of the sentence ...