the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of various refining processes’ conditions on conjugated dienes in soybean oil. conjugated dienes contents of soybean oil were found to undergo reduction in neutralization and bleaching steps while being increased in deodorization. it was observed that alkali refining (neutralization) through 12 and 14 °bé, bleaching with either acid ac...

Abstract Secondary aluminum production is required for the conservation of environment. It can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption alumina, a source primary aluminum. requires sorting processes metal scrap before starting refining process. Salt slags generated from both secondary need to be recycled/treated as they are considered hazardous byproducts. This revie...

Erosion is one of the important unlikely problems in oil refining industry that produces many damages and values to refining parts. In other part stop of refining operation for repairing is very expensive. Many erosions are happened in refining operations when equipments are placed to atmosphere, Powerful acids, eruption gases, hydrocarbon vampires and high temperature make very complex situati...

Platinum group metal (PGM) refining processes produce large quantities of wastewater, which is contaminated with the compounds that make up the solvents/extractants mixtures used in the process. These compounds often include solvesso, beta-hydroxyxime, amines, amides and methyl isobutyl ketone. A process to clean up PGM refinery wastewaters so that they could be re-used in the refining process ...

Highly effective refining of precious metals requires detailed knowledge the chemical properties their complexes in leaching solutions. Speciation studies on metal ions solution have been performed for about a century. Early mainly provided stability constants between and ligands. Recently, improvement analytical technologies has facilitated advanced speciation including determination informati...

Abstract Inconel 690 has been extensively used in steam generator tubing materials for pressurized water reactors. In order to improve the weld quality of 690, ultrasonic-assisted pulsed tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is studied. this study, macrostructure, microstructure, and mechanical properties weldments welded by TIG with without ultrasonic assistance were investigated. The microstructur...

Current data on refinery products: LPG, mogas, naphtha, aviation fuel and Kerosene, gas/diesel oil, residual other total products, products. Countries covered: Canada, the United States, Japan, Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Kingdom. Average production is thousand barrels per day. Updated a monthly basis. crude oil runs.