An important recent finding is that testing improves learning and memory. In this article, the authors describe a demonstration that illustrates this principle and helps students incorporate more testing into their learning. The authors asked students to read one text using a Study–Study strategy and one text using a Study–Test strategy. One week later, the authors tested students’ memory for b...

De Vrijer has presented a proof of the finite developments theorem which, in addition to showing that all developments are finite, gives an effective reduction strategy computing longest developments as well as a simple formula computing their length. We show that by applying a rather simple and intuitive principle of duality to de Vrijer’s approach one arrives at a proof that some developments...

3 Adapting the Covariance Matrix 10 3.1 Estimating the Covariance Matrix From Scratch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 Rank-μ-Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.3 Rank-One-Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.1 A Different Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.2 Cumulation: Uti...

Fitts' (1954) classic theorem asserts that the movement time (MT) of voluntary reaches is determined by amplitude and width requirements (i.e., index of difficulty: ID). Actions associated with equivalent IDs should elicit equivalent MTs regardless of the amplitude and/ or width requirements. However, contemporary research has reported that amplitude-based contributions to IDs yield larger incr...

Predation is a fundamental interaction between species, yet it is unclear what escape strategies are effective for prey survival. Classical theory proposes that prey should either escape in a direction that conforms to a performance optimum or that is random and therefore unpredictable. Here, we show that larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) instead use a mixed strategy that may be either random or d...

Despite great advances in the analysis of time-varying images, implementing or searching for correct and robust algorithms is still challenging and elusive. This paper examines some of the reasons why the motion solution to a problem is sensitive to small changes in the image data. We will discuss whether these sources of difficulty are inherent, predictable, or avoidable. We will also present ...

The present study aimed at determining whether (1) children were able to interrupt a strategy execution to switch and choose another better strategy, and (2) their ability to switch strategy within-item improved with age. Third, fifth, and seventh graders performed a computational estimation task in which they had to provide the better estimates to two-digit addition problems (e.g., 32 + 54) wh...

Skin cancer has been the most common and represents 50% of all new cancers detected each year. If detected at an early stage, simple and economic treatment can cure it mostly. Accurate skin lesion segmentation is critical in automated early skin cancer detection and diagnosis systems. In this paper, we propose an Evolution Strategies (ES) based segmentation algorithm to identify the lesion area...

An evolution strategy to estimate emission source distributions on a regional scale from atmospheric observations P. O’Brien, D. Corcoran, and D. Lowry Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland Physics Department, University of Limerick, Ireland Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK Received: 20 December 2002 – Accepted: 4 Marc...