Migraine is a common, headache disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of often associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Prior to puberty, boys girls are equally affected. Female preponderance emerges after puberty. pathophysiology not fully understood, although the hormonal effect estrogen significant, it clear how phases affect brain excitability EEG patterns in wo...

objective(s):the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) has long been postulated to play an integral role in the pathophysiology of migraine. earlier studies showed that cgrp can stimulate the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (no) and cytokines from trigeminal ganglion glial cells. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 17β-estradiol in regulation of cgrp exp...

An estimated 4–8% of all women, and 16–25% women with migraine, have menstrual migraine (MM), which causes considerable disability, but is underdiagnosed undertreated. We investigated the burden disease, health-care seeking behavior, treatment practices among MM, using social media. In 12 days, 6246 answered an online survey, allowing for diagnosis MM by International Classification Headache Di...

Functional imaging using positron emission tomography and later functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed a particular brainstem area that is believed to be specifically activated in migraine during, but not outside of the attack, and consequently has been coined the 'migraine generator'. However, the pathophysiological concept behind this term is not undisputed and typical migraine premon...

Migraine is a complex trait in which multiple genetic loci, as well as environmental factors, likely contribute to its clinical manifestation. Many genetic associations reported in previous studies either have not been replicated to date or showed only marginal statistical significance, possibly due to the genetic heterogeneity of the common forms of migraine. One major phenotypic and possibly ...