memory is not a single entity. it is a gift of mother nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired knowl- edge. memory is precisely related to learning, in that memory in biolog- ical systems entails learning and that learning implies retention of such information. memory can be divided into multifaceted systems. the renaissance of encephalon compatible learning app...

Introduction: Recent studies have revealed the possibility of learning skills through alternative methods and repetitive tactile stimulation without explicit training. This study aimed to examine the effect of involuntary tactile stimulation on the memory and creativity of healthy participants. Methods: A group of 92 right-handed students participated in this study voluntarily. They were assig...

there are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. in the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using passive avoidance shuttle box and morris water maze tasks were investigated, respectively. male rats received morphi...

abstract: introduction & objective: the hippocampal formation is a part of limbic system that plays an important role in memory and learning. the hippocampus is divided into three subfields: ca1, ca2 and ca3. in addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the astrocytes play important roles in hippocampus, probably in memory and learning. in fact, learning needs some instruments for informa...

introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, which impairs memory and cognitive function. walnuts are a dietary source of polyphenols, antioxidants and other compounds with health beneficial effects. these characteristic of walnuts make them perfect candidates for evaluation of their possible effects on neurodegenerative diseases. therefore the present stu...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a disease of the immune system that creates damage of learning and memory in that. using probiotic supplements is recommended for preventing ms disease and improving memory. this study aimed to investigate the effect of lactobacillus plantarum (lp) and bifidobacterium b94 (bb94), on acquisition phase of spatial memory in the local demyelination of rats` hi...