While professional quarterbacks like Peyton Manning make passing a football look effortless, it takes a lifetime of disciplined practice for these elite athletes to reach such a high level of skill. The principal responsibility of the quarterback in American football is to throw a forward pass to his teammate. This skill, however, is not as trivial as it may appear. To achieve a successful pass...

This study longitudinally evaluated whether maturation and relative age interact with time during adolescence to differentially affect the development of anthropometric and fitness characteristics in junior rugby league players. Anthropometric and fitness characteristics of 81 junior players selected into the UK Rugby Football League's talent identification and development process were assessed...

BACKGROUND Physical fitness is strongly associated with several positive health indicators among adolescents. However, its association with body mass index status is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to explore the association between overweight/obesity and physical fitness among children and adolescents. METHODS The design consisted of a cross-sectional study comprising 519 Brazilian s...

The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric and physical characteristics of youth elite paddlers and to identify the differences between kayakers and canoeists. A total of 171 male paddlers (eighty-nine kayakers and eighty-two canoeists), aged 13.69 ± 0.57 years (mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The participants completed basic anthropometric assessments (body ...

Objectives: Baseball pitchers often participate in throwing programs that involve at reduced effort levels to gradually increase the amount of stress experienced across elbow. It is currently unknown how pitching compares maximum with respect elbow and ball velocity. The purpose this study determine whether velocity correlate pitching, decrease proportionally while a effort, assess intrathrower...

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a dynamic warm up (DWU) with a static-stretching warm up (SWU) on selected measures of power and agility. Thirty cadets at the United States Military Academy completed the study (14 women and 16 men, ages 18-24 years). On 3 consecutive days, subjects performed 1 of the 2 warm up routines (DWU or SWU) or performed no warm up (NWU). The 3 war...

This paper considers the kinematic characteristics of over arm throwing with particular emphasis on the techniques of throwing in cricket. The technique is subdivided into: (1) Wind up phase, (2) late cocking Phase (3) arm acceleration and (4) instant of ball release. The study was used to form the samples as, 10 elite cricket players. The ages of the players were (mean ± 23.50). The physical c...

The hammer throw is an event in which a competitor tries to throw the hammer, a 16-pound (7.26 kg) ball attached to a handle with a length of piano wire (a length of 117.5 to 121.5 cm from ball to the inside of the handle), as far as possible within an arc of 35° from a concrete circle with a diameter of 2.13 m, combining a rotational movement with a translational movement. It is possible to sa...

Overarm movements are essential skills in many different sport games; however, the adaptations to different sports are not well understood. The aim of the study was to analyze upper-body kinematics in the team-handball throw, tennis serve, and volleyball spike, and to calculate differences in the proximal-to-distal sequencing and joint movements. Three-dimensional kinematic data were analyzed v...

Creatine supplementation reduces the impact of muscle fatigue on post-activation potentiation (PAP) of the lower body, but its effects on the upper body remain unknown. This study examined the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength, explosive power, and optimal individual PAP time of the upper body during a set of complex training bouts in canoeists. Seventeen male high school c...